| 词条 | Plaza Bolívar (Valencia) |
| 释义 |
The Plaza Bolivar is a square in Valencia, Venezuela. It dates back to the colonial period, and was renamed after Simón Bolívar in the 19th century. It is noted for its monumental column inaugurated in 1889. The square occupies a central site near the city's Cathedral. It is used for public meetings.[1] HistoryIn the 1880s, when Valencia's monument to Bolivar was constructed, Venezuela was an agricultural country. Despite having large amounts of iron ore, the country lacked industrial iron-making capacity.[2] Antonio Guzmán Blanco, three times president of Venezuela, implemented plans to modernize infrastructure. His projects, which have been described as megalomaniac,[3] had a strong impact on Valencia. He gave a concession to a British company to build a railway between Valencia and the coast at Puerto Cabello. The Valencia terminus was at Camoruco, 3 km from the city center, and plans were made for a tramway (initially horse-drawn) to the Plaza Bolívar.[3] Guzman Blanco also approved a railway from Valencia to Caracas, the Great Venezuela Railway, built by a German company. The Valencia terminus was at San Blas, relatively near the city center.[3]In 1887 the president decided to enhance the Plaza Bolívar of Valencia. The main feature is a marble column (called a monolito in Spanish) surmounted by a statue of Bolívar.[4] The monument was part of a national programme of promoting the memory of Bolívar begun in the 1870s,[5] when, for example, Guzmán Blanco commissioned an equestrian statue for the Plaza Bolivar of Caracas and adopted the bolívar as the currency of Venezuela. Work on the column was endorsed by General Hermógenes López, governor of Carabobo State, who succeeded Guzmán Blanco as president of Venezuela during a transition period in 1887/1888. It was inaugurated under a third president, Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl on Carabobo Day 1889. DesignThe project was under the direction of the architect Antonio Malaussena (1853-1919). Malaussena later designed Valencia's municipal theatre (inaugurated in 1894) in Napoleon III style.[6] The sculptor Rafael de la Cova, who studied in Europe in the 1870s, is credited with the bas-reliefs at the base of the monument. ImageryBolivar points south-west towards the battlefield of Carabobo, his famous victory of 1821 in the Venezuelan War of Independence. The battle is also the subject of the bas-reliefs which adorn the pedestal of the monument, one depicts Bolívar with his troops, another depicts the British soldiers who played a key role in the battle. At the corners of the pedestal are Andean condors. ConservationThe monument is officially protected, but in 2018 El Carabobeño reported that ornamental metal-work had been removed from the structure.[4] References1. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.notitarde.com/plaza-bolivar-valencia-sitio-de-concentracion-guaido/ |title=Plaza Bolívar de Valencia sitio de concentración por llegada |date=March 2019 |work=Notitarde |language=Spanish}} 2. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.arct.cam.ac.uk/Downloads/ichs/vol-3-2907-2926-silva.pdf |title=Foreign Iron in Venezuelan Architecture |last=Silva |first=M |access-date=2019-03-30}} 3. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://www.tramz.com/ve/va/vam.html |title=Map of Valencia |last=Morrison |access-date=2019-03-31}} 4. ^1 {{Cite news |url=https://www.el-carabobeno.com/academia-historia-rechazo-desvalijamiento-monolito-plaza-bolivar-valencia/ |title=Academia de Historia rechazó desvalijamiento del Monolito de la Plaza Bolívar de Valencia |last=Castro |first=E |date=July 2018 |work=El Carabobeño |language=Spanish |trans-title=Academy of History...}} 5. ^Nava, Julian. "The Illustrious American: The Development of Nationalism in Venezuela under Antonio Guzman Blanco." The Hispanic American Historical Review 45, no. 4 (1965): 527-43. doi:10.2307/2511095. 6. ^1 {{Cite web |url=https://iamvenezuela.com/2017/03/teatro-municipal-de-valencia/ |title=Teatro Municipal |website=IAM}} External link
7 : Buildings and structures in Valencia, Carabobo|Monumental columns|Monuments and memorials in Venezuela|Monuments to Simón Bolívar|Neoclassical architecture in Venezuela|Outdoor sculptures in Venezuela|Squares in Venezuela |
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