| 词条 | Pneumatosis | ||
| 释义 |
| name = | synonyms = Emphysema | image = Subcutaneous emphysema abdomen arrows2.jpg | alt = | caption = CT scan of subcutaneous emphysema. | pronounce = | field = | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} Pneumatosis or emphysema is the abnormal presence of air or other gas within tissues. In the lungs, emphysema involves enlargement of the distal airspaces,[1] and is a major feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Pneumoperitoneum (or peritoneal emphysema) is air or gas in the abdominal cavity, and is most commonly caused by a perforated abdominal viscus, Pneumatosis is also a frequent result of surgery. The term is from pneumat- + -osis. By locationLungsPulmonary emphysema{{See|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease}}Pulmonary emphysema is a nonuniform enlargement of the distal airspaces with destruction of the acini of the alveoli, loss of lung elasticity, and (in itself) absence of any fibrotic changes.[1] It is a typical feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow.[2][3] Even without COPD, the finding of pulmonary emphysema on chest CT confers a higher mortality in tobacco smokers.[4]Pulmonary interstitial emphysema{{Main|Pulmonary interstitial emphysema}}Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) is a collection of air outside of the normal air space of the pulmonary alveoli, found instead inside the connective tissue of the peribronchovascular sheaths, interlobular septa, and visceral pleura. Congenital lobar emphysemaCongenital lobar emphysema (CLE), also known as congenital lobar overinflation and infantile lobar emphysema,[5] is a neonatal condition associated with enlarged air spaces in the lungs of newborn children. It is diagnosed around the time of birth or in the first 6 months of life, occurring more often in boys than girls. CLE affects the upper lung lobes more than the lower lobes, and the left lung more often than the right lung. Although CLE may be caused by abnormal development of airways (bronchi, for example) or compression of airways by nearby tissues, no cause is identified in half of cases.[6] Other thoracic
Abdominal
JointsPneumarthrosis is the presence of air in a joint. Its presentation on radiography is often a vacuum cleft sign or vacuum phenomenon, which is a radiolucent cleft.
Pneumarthrosis is a common normal finding in shoulders[7] as well as in sternoclavicular joints.[8] It is believed to be a cause of the sounds of joint cracking.[10] It is also a common normal postoperative finding at least in spinal surgery.[9] In fact, pneumarthrosis is extremely rare in conjunction with fluid or pus in a joint, and its presence can therefore practically exclude infection.[10]
Pneumarthrosis is associated with osteoarthritis and spondylosis.[10] Other locations
References1. ^1 [https://books.google.se/books?id=ZsBMr_jz0F8C&pg=PA64 page 64] in: {{cite book|title=The Washington Manual Pulmonary Medicine Subspecialty Consult, Washington manual subspecialty consult series|author=Adrian Shifren|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2006|isbn=9780781743761}} 2. ^{{cite book | last=Algusti | first=Alvar G.|display-authors=etal| title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD|year=2017 | publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) | pages=6–17 | chapter=Definition and Overview | url=http://goldcopd.org/download/326/}} 3. ^{{cite journal | last1=Roversi| first1=Sara| last2=Corbetta| first2=Lorenzo| last3=Clini|first3=Enrico |title=GOLD 2017 recommendations for COPD patients: toward a more personalized approach|date=5 May 2017 |journal=COPD Research and Practice |volume=3 |doi=10.1186/s40749-017-0024-y}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/836650|title=Emphysema on CT Without COPD Predicts Higher Mortality Risk|author=Diedtra Henderson|date=2014-12-16|website=Medscape}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=UpToDate: Congenital lobar emphysema|url=http://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-lobar-emphysema|accessdate=10 July 2016}} 6. ^{{cite journal|last1=Guidry|first1=Christopher|last2=McGahren|first2=Eugene D.|title=Pediatric Chest I|journal=Surgical Clinics of North America|date=June 2012|volume=92|issue=3|pages=615–643|doi=10.1016/j.suc.2012.03.013|pmid=22595712}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/vacuum-phenomenon-in-shoulder|title=Vacuum phenomenon in shoulder|author=Abhijit Datir|display-authors=etal|website=Radiopaedia|accessdate=2018-01-03}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Restrepo|first1=Carlos S.|last2=Martinez|first2=Santiago|last3=Lemos|first3=Diego F.|last4=Washington|first4=Lacey|last5=McAdams|first5=H. Page|last6=Vargas|first6=Daniel|last7=Lemos|first7=Julio A.|last8=Carrillo|first8=Jorge A.|last9=Diethelm|first9=Lisa|title=Imaging Appearances of the Sternum and Sternoclavicular Joints|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=29|issue=3|year=2009|pages=839–859|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.293055136}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Mall|first1=J C|last2=Kaiser|first2=J A|title=The usual appearance of the postoperative lumbar spine.|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=7|issue=2|year=1987|pages=245–269|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.7.2.3448634}} 10. ^1 2 [https://books.google.se/books?id=WlXvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 Page 60] in: {{cite book|title=Musculoskeletal Radiology|author=Harry Griffiths|publisher=CRC Press|year=2008|isbn=9781420020663}} External links{{Medical resources| DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|P25.0}} | ICD9 = | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | MeSH = | GeneReviewsNBK = | GeneReviewsName = }}{{Wiktionary|pneumatosis}} 1 : Human diseases and disorders |
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