| 词条 | Pneumoridae | ||||||||
| 释义 |
| image = Bladder Grasshopper (Bullacris intermedia) (30068047440).jpg | image_caption = Bullacris intermedia | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Orthoptera | subordo = Caelifera | superfamilia = Pneumoroidea | superfamilia_authority = Blanchard, 1845 | familia = Pneumoridae | familia_authority = Blanchard, 1845 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = }} The Pneumoridae are a family of nocturnal short-horned grasshoppers in the order Orthoptera, commonly known as the bladder grasshoppers.[1] Their centre of diversity is in southern Africa, but one species occurs as far north as South Sudan. Most adult males acquire an inflated abdomen, a specialization for amplified sound production, which is likely its primary function. Most genera display striking sexual dimorphism,[2] and several species exhibit a dual male phenotype.[2] DescriptionThey are nocturnal, specialized herbivores which (with few exceptions) are endemic to coastal regions of southern Africa.[1] The smallest species is Pneumoracris browni occurring in the Succulent Karoo ecoregion, while the largest is the wide-ranging Afromontane forest species, Physophorina livingstoni.
Sexual dimorphismThe body length of adult males vary from 11.5 to 68.0 mm, and that of females from 22.0 to 107 mm. Males of a particular species may or may not have an inflated body with fully developed wings, or both morphs may be present. Males have large ocelli, a prominently crested pronotum, and are smaller in size. Females' bodies are larger and not inflated, and possess only reduced elytra and wings. Female ocelli are vestigial and the pronotum is more tectiform, while the sound-producing mechanism is entirely different.[3] MalesAdult males of most species acquire an inflated, bladder-like abdomen at the final molt. Their abdominal segments consist of a thin, semitransparent integument, and are enlarged in length and width, while the intersegmental membranes are much reduced.[3] Males are capable of producing loud calls, a long and very deep rasping noise,[3] which members of their species can detect from 2 km away. Males call by stridulating the rasp on the inner surface of their rather weak hind femur against an opposing rasp on the third tergite of the inflated, hollow abdomen. These sclerotized abdominal ridges form a crescent-like row, and their exact number has some value in distinguishing between taxa.[3] In species without an inflated body, these characters are only vestigial. The wings of males have a primitive morphology, and are not suited to producing sound.[4] Their wing venation is in fact the simplest of all the Acridoidea.[3] FemalesFemales reply by duetting.[1] They employ a different sound mechanism to produce a distinguishable call, sometimes described as a high squeak, and perhaps only partially audible to humans. This is perhaps produced by rubbing strong wing veinlets armed with strong teeth against the abdomen, which is facilitated or accompanied by raising the pronotum at a high angle.[3] EcologyWithin one species, a primary (plesiomorph) and alternative (apomorph) male form with differing mating strategies can arise. Details of these morphs were the basis for the description of two subfamilies, namely Pneumorinae (Dirsh 1975) and Parabullacrinae (Dirsh 1975). Three groups are distinguishable on the basis of their ecology, namely a forest, marginal, and desert group, of which the forest species are the most primitive.[5] Genera and speciesList of genera and species:[1][6] Genus Bullacris Roberts, 1941
Range: Northern Cape
Range: Western Cape and Eastern Cape, Habitat: Fynbos Phenotype: Inflated and uninflated males
Range: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal
Range: Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Malawi, Habitat: Savanna Phenotype: Inflated and uninflated males
Range: Western Cape, Habitat: Fynbos Phenotype: Inflated and uninflated males
Range: Western Cape and Eastern Cape
Range: Cape provinces, Habitat: Succulent Karoo Phenotype: Only inflated males Genus Parabullacris Dirsh, 1963
Range: Northern Cape, Habitat: Succulent Karoo Phenotype: Only uninflated males Genus Physemacris Roberts, 1941
Range: Western Cape
Range: Western Cape, Habitat: Fynbos Phenotype: Only inflated males Genus Paraphysemacris Dirsh, 1963
Range: Cape provinces, Habitat: Fynbos Phenotype: Only uninflated males Genus Peringueyiacris Dirsh, 1965
Range: Northern Cape, Habitat: Succulent Karoo Phenotype: Only inflated males Genus Pneumoracris Dirsh, 1963
Range: Northern Cape, Habitat: Succulent Karoo Phenotype: Only uninflated males Genus Prostallia Bolivar, 1906
Range: KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga Genus Physophorina Westwood, 1874
Range: South Africa, Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda and South Sudan, Habitat: Forest Phenotype: Only inflated males
Range: South Africa and Tanzania, Habitat: Forest Phenotype: Only inflated males Genus Pneumora Thunberg, 1775
Range: South Africa and Tanzania, Habitat: Forest Phenotype: Only inflated males References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Donelson|first1=Nathan C.|last2=van Staaden|first2=Moira J.|title=Alternate tactics in male bladder grasshoppers Bullacris membracioides (Orthoptera: Pneumoridae)|journal=Behaviour|date=10 May 2005 |volume=142 |pages=761–778 |citeseerx=10.1.1.552.8161}} 2. ^{{cite web|last1=Donelson |first1=Nathan |title=Inter- and Intraspecific variation in the Superfamily Pneumoroidea |website=DPhil dissertation |url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file%3Faccession%3Dbgsu1194043244%26disposition%3Dinline | date = December 2007 |publisher=OhioLink |accessdate=11 January 2017}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal |last1=Dirsh |first1=V. M. |title=Revision of the Family Pneumoridae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) |journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology |date=1965 |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=323–396 |url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofbritis15entoond/bulletinofbritis15entoond_djvu.txt |accessdate=10 January 2017}} 4. ^{{cite journal |last1=Smart |first1=John |title=On the wing-venation of Physemacris variolosa (Linn.) (Insecta: Pneumoridae) |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |date=20 August 2009 |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=199–202|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1953.tb00165.x }} 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Bruton|first1=Michael N.|last2=Alexander|first2=Anne J.|last3=van Staaden |first3=Moira |title=Alternative Life-History Styles of Animals|date=1989|publisher=Springer Netherlands |location=Dordrecht |isbn=9789400926059|pages=261–276}} 6. ^{{cite web|last1=van Staaden|first1=Moira|title=Family: Pneumoridae |url=http://www.ru.ac.za/media/rhodesuniversity/resources/martin/pneumoridae.html |website=A Catalogue of South African Insects |publisher=Rhodes University |accessdate=9 January 2017}} External links
2 : Orthoptera families|Taxa named by Émile Blanchard |
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