1. History

2. Halfshaven head and the other Slavs
    Wends  South Slavs 

3. Types of halfshaven head

4. See also

5. References

The Polish halfshaven head ({{lang-pl|czupryna, podgolony łeb, łaszczówka}}) is a traditional Polish noble haircut, associated mainly with sarmatism, but worn by Poles in the Middle Ages too. It is marked by shaving hair above the ears and on the neck on the same height, with longer hair on the top of the head. For hundreds of years it was typical of Poles.

History

The origins of the halfshaven head are not clear. It was worn probably before the 12th century until its slow disappearance in the 18th century. The earliest mentions of the "Polish halfshaven head" from the Middle Ages were written by f. ex., an anonymous Franciscan in 1308,^[1] Wincenty from Kielcza^[2] (half of 13th century), and Austrian poet Zygfryd Helbling (end of 13th century)^[3][4] who was swearing on Polish and Czech influences. In chronicles of Mierzwa (beginning of 14th century) from Cracow, we can also read that Prince Leszek the Black (died in 1288) grew his hair to ingratiate himself with Germans, so it was a scandal both in his times and in times of chronicle. In graphic sources there are paten (half of 13th century) from Płock cathedral founded by Konrad Mazowiecki, and the paten founded by Mieszko the Old (year 1195)^[5] to the monastery of Cistercians in Ląd, and floor from Wiślica (years 1175-1180).^[6]

Halfshaven head and the other Slavs

Wends

It's possible that not only Poles, but also other Slavs worn a halfshaven head.

British franscescan Bartholomeus Anglicus in year 1235 wrote in his encyclopedia, that mostly all the Slavs, except Ruthenians and Slavs mixed with Germans and Latins, shave their heads.^[7] Bartholomeus, who lived in Magdeburg from several years know good the Slavic lands.^[8] By "Slavic lands" he meant the area from Saxonia to Ruthenia and from Dalmatia, Carinthia and Serbia to the Baltic Sea. About shaven heads, and dislike to beards, wrote also Saxo Grammaticus when writing about the temple of Arcona.^[9] He wrote that according to the common custom, only priests could grow long hair and beards.^[10]

In a Saxon manifesto against Slavic pagans from year 1108 is mentioned that Slavs simulated Saxons during the attack by wearing their scalps^[11] - Saxons grew long hair,^[12] so Polabian haircut had to be very different: very short. So, the custom of shaving hair, in 13th century recognised as Polish, has to have bigger dimensions.

The existence of czupryna amongst the Polabian Slav territories is obviously testified by many archaeological discoveries. Are for example: little bronze statue for Schwedt/Oder (X-11th century),^[13][14] Altfriesack Götze, a wooden statue from Altfriesack (6th-7th century),^[15] sitting statue from Gatschow near Demmin (XI-12th century),^[16] a little sculpture from Merserburg near Leipzig (10th century).^[17] All the

figures have short hair and halfshaven heads. There are also a metal fitting from museum in Oldburg and a wooden statue from Wolin (10th century). Because of the corrosion, it is difficult to say if heads are shaven, but the hair are surely short.^[18][19] The most clear proof are the Sachsenspiegel illustrations - all Wends on the illustrations (in contrast with long-haired Saxons) have a short haircut, shaved at the ear-height.

South Slavs

In old Croatian tombs razors are often found too, but the problem about dimensions of halfshaven head custom in other Slavic lands than Poland is still not investigated.^[20]

Another, but similar custom, is the so-called perčin (in Serbo-Croatian) or чумбас/чембас (in Bulgarian). It's a haircut that consist in shaving head from below, like in czupryna, but with leaving an braid of hair or something like Ukrainian chub.

This haircut probably arrived from Asia with Proto-Bulgars: for the first time, "shaven heads" were mentioned in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans. It was worn by South Slavs still in the 19th century.^{[21][22][23][24]}

Types of halfshaven head

Among centuries in Polish literature we can see a specialised nomenclature about czupryna. It's possible to distinguish various types:

• czupryna (staro)polska – the (old-)Polish halfshaven head. This is the oldest type of halfshaven head, we can see it in medieval sources, we know that Jan III Sobieski wore this type of czupryna too.
• czupryna łaszczowa – the łaszcz's halfshaven head. This is the type of czupryna connected with the person of Samuel Łaszcz, which, according to sources, popularised this type. In czupryna łaszczowa type, the shaving was higher.
• czupryna czerkieska – the cherkess halfshaven head. From the name, we can deduce that this type was probably similar to the traditional cherkess male haircuts.
• czupryna szwedzka – the swedish halfshaven head. According to the sources the shaving was lower, more similar to the Order of Saint Benedict tonsure, and sprinkled with powder.
• głowa cybulana – the onion-like head. That's an playful name for a trend to reducing czupryna to some hair at the top of the head.^[25][26]

See also

• Oseledets
• Slavs
• Sarmatism

References

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