“Polsby-Popper Test”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Polsby-Popper Test is a mathematical compactness measure of a shape developed to quantify the degree of gerrymandering of political districts. The method was developed by lawyers Daniel D. Polsby and Robert Popper, though it had earlier been introduced in the field of paleontology by E.P. Cox.^[1] The formula for calculating a district's Polsby-Popper score is

, where

is the district,

is the perimeter of the district, and

is the area of the district.^[2] A district's Polsby-Popper score will always fall within the interval of

, with a score of

indicating complete lack of compactness and a score of

indicating maximal compactness.^[3] Compared to other measures that use dispersion to measure gerrymandering, the Polsby-Popper test is very sensitive to both physical geography (for instance, convoluted coastal borders) and map resolution.^[4] The method was chosen by Arizona's redistricting commission in 2000.^[5]

1. ^Cox, E.P. 1927. "A Method of Assigning Numerical and Percentage Values to the Degree of Roundness of Sand Grains." Journal of Paleontology 1(3): pp. 179-183
2. ^Crisman, Karl-Dieter, and Jones, Michael A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xdZzBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3 The Mathematics of Decisions, Elections, and Games] pg. 3
3. ^Miller, William J., and Walling, Jeremy D. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3dEaMt1NKYYC&pg=PA345 The Political Battle Over Congressional Redistricting] pg. 345
4. ^Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Palmer, Maxwell A Two Hundred-Year Statistical History of the Gerrymander pp. 6-7
5. ^Monorief, Gary F. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VYICdjpivIQC&pg=PA27 Reapportionment and Redistricting in the West] pg. 27

See also

References