| 词条 | Pondoland Marine Protected Area |
| 释义 |
| name = Pondoland Marine Protected Area | photo = | photo_alt = | photo_width = | map = South Africa | relief = 1 | map_alt = | map_caption = Pondoland MPA location | map_width = | location = Eastern Cape province, South Africa | nearest_city = Port St Johns | coordinates = {{coords|31|24.1|S|29|55.3|E|region:ZA|display=inline, title}} | area = 1380 km2 | established = 2004 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = ECPTA | world_heritage_site = | url = }} The Pondoland Marine Protected Area is an inshore conservation region in the territorial waters of South Africa HistoryThe MPA was proclaimed by the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, (Marthinus van Schalkwyk, in Government Gazette No. 26431 of 4 June 2004 in terms Section 43 of the Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998.[1] The MPA is named for the local Pondo people, and provides protection for threatened line fish.[2] Purpose{{see also|Marine protected areas of South Africa|Marine protected area}}A marine protected area is defined by the IUCN as "A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values".[3] Extentthe MPA is adjacent to the Mkhambathi Nature Reserve on the part of the South African east coast known as the "Wild Coast" - south of Port Edward and north of Port St Johns. It is approximately 90 km long with about 1380 km2 of protected ocean, and lies between the Mzamba River in the north and the Umzimvubu River in the south, extending 10 km out to sea.[2] The central restricted zone is about 40 km long with an area of about 643 km2[5] BoundariesThe MPA includes the water column, the seabed, and the air-space to an altitude of 1000 m above sea level in the area bounded by:[1]
ZonationThe MPA has several restricted (No take) and controlled zones in the offshore, inshore and estuarine areas.[2][1] Restricted areasThere are one offshore restricted zone, four inshore restricted zones, and two estuarine restricted zones.[1] The first offshore controlled zone is the part of the MPA to the north-east of a line bearing 128° from S31°13.2′, E030°04.1′ at the southern head of the Sikombe River. to S31°18.2′, E030°11.6′ at the 1000 m depth contour, excluding estuaries and the inter-tidal zone.[1] The second offshore controlled zone is the part of the MPA to the south-west of a line bearing 128° from S31°27.95′, E029°44.1′ at the northern head of the Mboyti River, to S31°34.7′, E029°54.5′ at the 1000 mdepth contour, excluding estuaries and the inter-tidal zone.[1] Inshore restricted zone 1 is between the high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°10.3′, 030°07.5′ to S31°12.5′, E030°05.2′ at Red Hill, excluding estuaries.[1] Inshore restricted zone 2 is between the high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°14.8′, 030°02.9′ at the Mtentu River mouth to S31°16.8′, E030°01.2′ at Mgwegwe North, excluding estuaries.[1] Inshore restricted zone 3 is between the high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°17.6′, 030°00.6′ at Mgwegwe South to S31°19.3′, E029°58.0′ at the Msikaba River mouth, excluding estuaries.[1] Inshore restricted zone 4 is between the high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°25.4′, 029°51.2′ at the Lupatama River mouth to S31°27.0′, E029°45.3′ at the Mkozi river mouth, excluding estuaries.[1] The tidal parts of the Msikaba and Mtentu Rivers are estuarine restricted zones[1] Controlled areasThere are two offshore controlled zones, five inshore controlled zones, and seven estuarine controlled zones.[1] The offshore restricted zone is the part of the MPA to the south-west of a line bearing 128° from S31°13.2′, E030°04.1′ at the southern head of the Sikombe River to S31°18.2′, E030°11.6′ at the 1000 m depth contour, and to the north-east of a line bearing 128° from S31°27.9′, E029°44.1′ at the northern head of the Mboyti River to S31°34.75′, E029°54.5′ at the 1000 m depth contour, excluding estuaries and the inter-tidal zone.[1] Inshore controlled zone 1 is between the high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°06.6′, E030°10.5′ at the Mzamba River mouth to S31°10.3′, 030°07.5′, excluding estuaries.[1] Inshore controlled zone 2 is between the high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°12.5′, E030°05.2′ at Red Hill to S31°14.8′, 030°02.9′ at the Mtentu River mouth, excluding estuaries.[1] Inshore controlled zone 3 is between the high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°16.8′, E030°01.2′ at Mgwegwe North to S31°17.6′, 030°00.6′ at Mgwegwe South, excluding estuaries.[1] Inshore controlled zone 4 is between the high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°19.3′, E029°58.0′ at the Msikaba River mouth to S31°25.4′, 029°51.2′ at the Lupatama River mouth, excluding estuaries.[1] Inshore controlled zone 5 is between the high-water mark and the 10 m depth contour from S31°27.0′, E029°45.3′ at the Mkozi river mouth to S31°37.4′, 029°33.2′ at the Mzimvubu River moouth, excluding estuaries.[1] The tidal parts of the Mboyti, Mkweni, Mntafufu, Mnyameni, Mzintlava, Nkodusweni, and Sikombe Rivers are estuarine controlled zones.[1] ManagementThe marine protected areas of South Africa are the responsibility of the national government, which has management agreements with a variety of MPA management authorities, in this case, the Eastern Cape Provincial Tourism Agency, (ECPTA),[2] which manages the MPA with funding from the SA Government through the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA).[3] The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is responsible for issuing permits, quotas and law enforcement.[27] Scuba divingThe many rivers along this coast carry silt and during the rainy season the visibility is often poor. Strong currents are common. May and June are often the best months for diving this region. Water temperatures range from about 25°C in summer to about 19°C in winter. The sub-tidal environment is mainly shelving rocky reefs parallel to the coastline. The best diving is in the 12 to 40 m depth range. In the northern parts of the MPA reefs are generally within 3 km of the shore. Launches may be from Port Edward or Mbotyi.[5] There is diveable reef off the Mzamba river just outside the MPA, and further south off the Mnyameni River in the northern controlled area, and off the Sikombe river at the border of the restricted zone. Further south there is a large area of reef off the Mtentu River inside the no-take zone, and off the Mkhambati reserve near Mgwegwe. Further south the visibility is often poor due to upwelling from an eddy between Port St Johns and Waterfall bluff.[5] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 {{cite journal|url=https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/MPA-Pondoland-MPA.pdf |title=Government Notice 694: Notice declaring the Pondoland Marine Protected Area under Section 43 of the Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998 |journal=Government Gazette 26430 |publisher=Goverment Printer|location= |date=4 June 2004 |volume= |issue= | }} [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite web|url=https://divebuddy.co.za/diving-pondoland-mpa/ |title=Diving the Pondoland Marine Protected Area |last=Maggs |first=Jade |date=15 April 2018 |website=divebuddy.co.za |accessdate=22 February 2019 }} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.mpatlas.org/mpa/sites/67704047/ |title=Pondoland Marine Protected Area |website=www.mpatlas.org | accessdate=23 February 2018}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web|url=http://mpaforum.org.za/portfolio/pondoland-mpa-pmpa/ |title=Pondoland |website=mpaforum.org.za |accessdate= 22 February 2019 }} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.sanparks.org/parks/table_mountain/conservation/marine.php |title=Marine Protected Area |author= |accessdate=26 May 2018}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite report |work=South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Technical Report Vol. 4 Marine Component DRAFT |date=October 2004 |pages=97–109 |title=Appendix 1. South African marine bioregions |first1=K. |last1=Sink |first2=J. |last2=Harris |first3=A. |last3=Lombard |url=http://sanpcc.org.za/pssa-old/articles/includes/NSBA%20Vol%204%20Marine%20Component%20Oct%2004%20Appendices.pdf }} 7. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://mpaforum.org.za/marine-protected-areas/ |title=Marine Protected Areas |author=|date= |publisher=World Wildlife Fund |accessdate=24 May 2018}} 8. ^{{cite report|url=http://opus.sanbi.org/bitstream/20.500.12143/5809/1/Sinka_et_al_2010.pdf |work=Final Summary Report 2011 Offshore Marine Protected Area Project |publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute |location=Cape Town |accessdate=10 February 2019 |last1=Sink |first1=KJ |last2=Attwood |first2=CG |last3=Lombard |first3=AT |last4=Grantham |first4=H |last5=Leslie |first5=R |last6=Samaai |first6=T |last7=Kerwath |first7=S |last8=Majiedt |first8=P |last9=Fairweather |first9=T |last10=Hutchings |first10=L |last11=van der Lingen |first11=C |last12=Atkinson |first12=LJ |last13=Wilkinson |first13=S |last14=Holness |first14=S |last15=Wolf |first15=T |date=2011 |title=Spatial planning to identify focus areas for offshore biodiversity protection in South Africa}} }}{{Marine protected areas of South Africa|state=collapsed}}{{Marine biodiversity of South Africa|state=collapsed}} 2 : Marine biodiversity of South Africa|Marine protected areas of South Africa |
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