1. References

It is located 166 km from Senapati District headquarter via Nh-37 or Jiribam Imphal Rd and Nh-102A and 11 Km from Noney District. Due to its large geographical area it is sub-divided into parts Pongringlong Part I (Chingkao), Pongringlong Part II (Kanungjang), Pongringlong Part III (Machunjang) and Pongringlong Part IV (Pondaijang). 99% of villagers speaks Rongmei dialect, few speak English, Hindi and Manipuri. Occupation of the villagers are mostly zoom cultivation and plain water fields. Majorities of population are Christians (Baptist and Catholic) and Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak (TRC) religion is also still found in Pongringlong Part I and III. Pongringlong pincode is 795159 and postal head office is Noney. Nearest Bank is State Bank of India noney army camp. There is a fresh-water river running beside the village Tupul River (Phan thuak).

The Term ‘Pongringlong’ derives from the name of an organic flower ‘Puangring Pwang’ a species of organic flower found abundantly while selecting the site for establishing the village for settlement. Etymologically it refer to the hill range where ‘Puangring Pwang’ is found, thus the elders name the area as Pongringlong Village. It is a Rongmei Village located on NH-37 (Imphal to Jiribam) near Tupul of Manipur State, North East India. The Pongringlong village was officially name as Charoipandongba (Meitei words ‘Charoi’ refer to ‘Black Sparrow’ ‘Pandongba’ refer to ‘sitting on the village fence’) by the Meitei King during their touring visit to the village (Narrated by the village elder).

Before 9 December 2016 bifurcation of Manipur District into 7 (seven) new districts (Times of India 2016), the village is under Senapati District with Saitu Gramphazol as Sub-division and Langjing as Post Office and Police Station. The distance form Senapati Head quarter to the village (Pongringlong) is 166 km, (Senapati to Imphal is 113 km and Imphal to Charoi Tupul 53 Km). Due to far distance from the Senapati district headquarter to the village, the villagers face many problems particularly related to poor administration and many a time the Langjing Police and Post Office Authority refer the villagers to Tupul-Noney Police and Post Office (under Tamenglong district); this made more convenience for both Villagers and Higher Authority (reported by villagers and village elders). All these inconveniences under Senapati district have become a major concern for the Village Educated Youth, Village Leaders and Villagers as whole to merge the village to the newly created Noney (Longmai) district which is just 11 km away from the village.

The ancestor of the Pongringlong village is the descendant of Tenyimi family scatter from the Makhel to the Ramting Kabin, than migrated to Gwangpuning and later to Makuilongdi (Aphun, Kamei 2008). Accounted by Prof. Gangmumei Kamei, Rembangbe the third son of Chief Nguiba (From Makuilongdi Village) and some village members migrated toward the South and call themselves as Rongmei or Marongmei (Southerner or people migrated to south). They first settle in Kajinglong and as they are more adventurous from Kajinglong, people went out to many directions founding villages to the South of the Irang River (Aphun, Kamei 2008). As it is traditional practice, the band or group of exogamous clans (lead by elders) when they went to search for a new site to settle down (Nam Phumei) they ensure the place should be secure and strategically save from outside attack, the place should have water sources, the place/area should have good vegetation for hunting and for cultivation (Aphun, Kamei 2008). So it is the same, with regard to founding of Pongringlong village. The family of Reikhamnang Daimei and Namdirei Malangmei (disguise as Khandangmei clan for personal security) have selected the new site and settle in Thing-gi-puram (above Pongringlong Pondaijang Part IV). As the site is not very conducive due to white end and insect nuisance they (Namdirei Malangmei and Reikhamnang Daimei) invited Maoteina Panmei, and three of them went to search for new site; where they found it and name it Pongringlong (Hill range of ‘Puangring Pwan’ species of organic flower). Moreover they decided to look for a water sources and as they found they name them (water sources) one by one with association to their family clan like Khundaipang (water source) for Malangmei Clan, Luangsangpang (water source) for Daimei Clan and Changphaipang (water source) for Panmei Clan. After getting water sources for all the three clan they still found another water sources on their way and they name the water source as Luandaipang (Narrated by village elders). As they settle down the village prosper and increase in population size by both procreation and adding/registerning (Pei Kho Joulai Puanloumei) new members from far and near kinsmen of the founding Clan. All the three founding Clan (Daimei, Malangmei/ Khandangmei and Panmei) have name associated with water sources, Memorial Stone heap (Tau Khuan) for resting and Ramphung (Range of Hill Land) with them. At present the villagers has scatter and settle within the village geographical boundary into different Part/Khel viz. Part I (Pongringlong Chingkao), Part II (Pongringlong Kanungjang), Part III (Pongringlong Machunjang) and Part IV (Pongringlong Pondaijang). It comprises of members from Malangmei Clan, Daimei Clan, Panmei Clan, Gangmei Clan, Kamei Clan, Phaomei Clan and they profess both the faith viz. Christian (Baptist & Catholic) and TingkaoRaguang Chapriak (Indigenous Faith).

The Nagas society is an egalitarian society so; there is an equal ownership of land right for all the members of the village. Land is a very crucial aspect that defines the identity of the Nagas in general and the Village in particular. Forceful occupation on their land is an attack on their identity and culture (Samson, Kamei 2014). The village Pongringlong too has the same practice of ownership of land and resources with the rest of the Nagas and Zeliangrong Community. The Chief or Headman is the care taker of the village land and resources, he is ordained by the Pei (Village Council) base on the elder seniority from the village founding clan in a hereditary manner. He should be exceptionally fine elders with no blemish (Heak Chuimei Panti). There are some terms used by the Pongringlong Village Pei (Village Council) associated with land and natural resources. Term like ‘Ramphung’ (Certain range of Land) associated with certain founding clan is commonly understood in the manner of responsibility, egalitarian spirit, respect for the land and also value for the founding village clan. It is the decision of the Pei (Village Council) to decide which Ramphung (Certain range of Land) will be cultivated for the years. Base on the declaration of the Pei (Village Council), the Clan associated with the Ramphung (Certain range of Land) take the responsibility to bless the land for fertility and good harvest. So under certain Ramphung (Certain range of Land) all the household of the village will select the site for the cultivation and the selected site/land by family household is term ‘Lauru’ (selected/chosen cultivated field). It is clear that under certain Ramphung (Certain range of Land) all the villagers Lauru (selected/chosen cultivated field) were present. Selling, giving and buying the village land or Lauru (selected/chosen cultivated field) outside the kinsmen or villagers is illegal but permitted within the Kinsmen and villagers by the Customary Norm and Code of Village Pei (Village Council).

The village is border by Tupul river (Phaan dui thuak) on the South, Makhuam Village with Aga river on the West, Kharam Village and Sehjang village with Taru River on the North and Mangshen Haibut with Rukhunpang on the East. The Village is physically divided into IV Khel/ Part viz. Part I (Pongringlong Chingkao), Part II (Pongringlong Kanungjang), Part III (Pongringlong Machunjang) and Part IV (Pongringlong Pondaijang). Important historical tourist places like Kimbut (where Gairiamnang Play his musical herb), Luangdaimei (Loiching) (where Loichingmei once live), Mangshen Haibut (where British communicate by mirror for any information) were the pride for the village and Zeliangrong in particular and for Nagas as whole.

According to the latest census of 2011 the Pongringlong (Charoipandongba) village has 155 family household with approximately of 816 members in the village (400 males and 416 females as per Population Census 2011). Average Sex Ratio of the village is 1040 which is higher than State Sex Ratio 985. Child Sex Ratio as per census 2011 is 892 which is lower than the State Child Sex Ratio 930. The Village literacy rate as per 2011 census is 54.83% lower to State literacy rate which is 76.94%. In comparison between male and female literature rate of the village as per 2011 Census is; Male literacy stands at 64.18 % while female literacy rate was 46.09 % (latest census 2011). The village is a mixture of Baptist (Christian), Roman Catholic (Christian) and Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak (Indigenous Religion).

Given the freedom to uphold the Naga Customary Law and Code of conduct by the Indian Constitution in Article 371 (A) following, the Pongringlong Village Council (Pei) is the apex

body in the village. The village council is a council of village elders which handle various issues like land dispute, resource dispute, criminal issue, divorce, offence and any task related to newly village membership registration to the village. The Pongringlong Village Authority headed by Chairman established under the Manipur Village Authority Act 1956 (Aphun, Kamei 2008) is also the parallel apex body with the Pongringlong Pei in the village. The Village Authority handles formal administrative and developmental work for the village. The religious institution like Church and Worship Place is also an Independent body in the village. All these social institution co-exist mutually and interdependent by serving economic, political, religious and social needs of the villagers.

References

Systems, School of Social Sciences, New Delhi. Samson, Kamei (2014). Zeliangrong Movement in North-East India: A Study of Perspectives from the past and the present. Thesis submitted to the Centre for Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.

 The India Post Nagaland Feb.22 2012 Tenyimi Day Message from TPO president. https://www.theindiapost.com/nation/nagaland/tenyimi-day-message-from-tpo-president/

 Time of India (9/12/2016) Manipur Cabinet Decides Formation of 7 new district. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/good-governance/manipur/Manipur-cabinet-decides-

formation-of-7-new-districts/articleshow/55891241.cms

 Distance between Senapati Head Quarter and Imphal http://alldistancebetween.com/in/distance-between/imphal-senapati-district-

headquarters-416165d4c78e5a12d586b2c2a50607fc/

 Distance between Imphal and Tupul https://www.google.co.in/search?q=imphal+to+tupul+distance&oq=Imphal+and+tupul+dista

n&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0.13095j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

 Latest Census (2011) Charoipandongba Kabui Population - Senapati, Manipur http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/268833-charoipandongba-kabui-manipur.html

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