| 词条 | Port Cresson massacre |
| 释义 |
The Port Cresson massacre was a lopsided battle that occurred on June 10, 1835, in the territory of modern-day Liberia between former American slaves and descendants of American slaves on the one hand and Bassa forces on the other. BackgroundPort Cresson was a settlement established in west Africa in 1834 at the behest of the Pennsylvania branch of the abolitionist American Colonization Society for purposes of the "repatriation" of freed slaves, and the descendants of slaves, to Africa. At the time of the massacre, it was populated by approximately 130 African-Americans, as well as one Caucasian representative of the Pennsylvania society, Edward Hankinson.[1][1] According to R. McDowell, a physician visiting Edina at the time of attack, local slave traders decided they did not want to do business so close to a repatriation settlement and had informed the local Bassa chief, King Joe, that they intended to move their business elsewhere. An "exasperated" King Joe—who was equipped with arms provided by American and European slavers—pledged to drive the settlers out.[2][4] MassacreOn June 10, 1835, Port Cresson was attacked by the forces of King Joe. As the settlers were pacifist Quakers, they lacked arms or any other means with which to defend themselves.[1][4][3] Roughly twenty of the Port Cresson settlers were killed outright by King Joe's men, with the remainder managing to flee the bloodshed and escape to the armed settlement of Monrovia, where Hankinson appealed for aid. Meanwhile, King Joe continued on to attack nearby Edina; however, a second indigenous leader, King Bob, intervened to defend the Edina settlement, and Joe was forced to withdraw.[4] AftermathOn learning of the massacre at Port Cresson, Elijah Johnson, a veteran of the War of 1812, assembled a company of 120 armed volunteers and set out on a punitive expedition to engage King Joe. The Monrovia government routed the opposing forces. A peace accord was signed on November 6, 1835. In it, Joe promised to pay indemnifications, stop participating in the slave trade, and submit all territorial disputes to settler courts for adjudication.[4][1][5][3][6] Hankinson, traumatized by the attack, refused to return to the devastated Port Cresson settlement. The demonstration of the military power of the Monrovian forces against Joe helped cement the central importance of Liberia among the disparate repatriation colonies being established in west Africa.[1][5] References1. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Philip|title=Travel Sketches from Liberia: Johann Büttikofer's 19th Century Rainforest Explorations in West Africa|date=2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004233474|pages=428–430}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Huberich|first1=Charles Henry|title=The Political and Legislative History of Liberia|date=1947|publisher=Central Book Co.|pages=579–582|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OPk6AAAAIAAJ}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|title=Aylett Hawes and William Grimes: Utopian Emancipator And Freedom Seeker|url=http://www.vcdh.virginia.edu/liberia/index.php?page=Stories§ion=Hawes+and+Grimes|website=Virginia Emigrants to Liberia Project|publisher=University of Virginia|accessdate=March 3, 2018}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Burrowes|first1=Carl Patrick|title=Historical Dictionary of Liberia|date=2000|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=1461659310|page=268|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt0_RrW8ghkC}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|last1=Kocher|first1=Kurt Lee|title=A Duty to America and Africa: A History of the Independent African Colonization Movement In Pennsylvania|journal=A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies|date=April 1984|volume=51|issue=2|pages=118–131|url=https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/viewFile/24445/24214}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Clegg|first1=Claude Andrew|title=The Price of Liberty: African Americans and the Making of Liberia|date=2009|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=080789558X|pages=145–146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iLnqCQAAQBAJ}} 5 : June 1835 events|1835 in Liberia|Quakerism in Pennsylvania|Slavery in the United States|Conflicts in 1835 |
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