“Port Talbot English”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Port Talbot English

释义

Phonetics and phonology
Consonants Vowels Monophthongs Length Quality Diphthongs Elision and assimilation Phonemic incidence Prosody
Grammar
Vocabulary
Idioms
References
Bibliography

{{Short description|Welsh English dialect}}{{One source|date=February 2018}}{{Infobox language
|name = Port Talbot English
|nativename =
|states = United Kingdom
|region = Port Talbot
|speakers =
|script = Latin (English alphabet)
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = Germanic
|fam3 = West Germanic
|fam4 = Anglic
|fam5 = English
|fam6 = British English
|fam7 = Welsh English
|isoexception = dialect
|glotto = none
|notice = IPA
}}

Port Talbot English (PTE) is a variety of Welsh English spoken in Port Talbot, generally by the working class.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=121}}

Phonetics and phonology

Consonants

Consonants in Port Talbot English generally follow those of Received Pronunciation. Some phonological characteristics of consonants specific to PTE include:

Consonants can be geminated by any preceding vowel except long non-close vowels, and is most noticeable in fortis plosives and when they are in intervocalic positions. For instance, the plosives in these pairs are lengthened so: lob–lobby, shunt–shunting and sit–city. In clusters, the first of any fortis elements is selected, e.g. {{IPA|/t/}} in shunting or {{IPA|/s/}} in nasty, or simply the first consonant when there is no fortis element as in lovely, where {{IPA|/v/}} is lengthened.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=126}}
The voiceless stops {{IPA|/p, t, k/}} have considerable strong aspiration {{IPA|[pʰʰ, tʰʰ, kʰʰ]}}, often as a weak affricate {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|pɸ}}, {{IPAplink|ts}}, {{IPAplink|kx}}]}}. It is especially for the case of {{IPA|/t/}}.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=121}}
T-glottalization is uncommon, but sometimes may occur word-finally.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=121}}
H-dropping also often occurs.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=121}}
The sequences {{IPA|/tr, dr/}} are realised as postalveolar affricates {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|t̠ɹ̠̊˔}}, {{IPAplink|d̠ɹ̠˔}}]}}, as in RP.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=121}}
{{IPA|/r/}} is more often a tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}} than an approximant {{IPAblink|ɹ}}.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=121}}
{{IPA|/l/}} is always clear {{IPAblink|l}}.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=121}}
Loan consonants from Welsh such as {{IPAblink|ɬ}} and {{IPAblink|χ}} are encountered in local Welsh place names.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=121}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=389}}

Vowels

Monophthongs

Connolly|1990|pp=122, 125}}
	Front			Central	Back
	{{small\|unrounded		{{small\|rounded		Back
	short	long	{{small\|rounded		short	long
Close	ɪ}}	iː}}	ʊ}}	uː}}
Close-mid	eː}}	øː}}	{{IPA link\|ə}}	oː}}
Open-mid	ɛ}}	ɛː}}	{{IPA link\|ə}}
Open	a}}	aː}}	ɒ}}	ɒː}}

Length

Unstressed long vowels tend to be shortened, as seen in free wheel {{IPA|[fri ˈwiːl]}}.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=126}}
Sometimes, under the same environment as geminating consonants, short vowels can be lengthened as in casserole {{IPA|[ˈkaːsəroːl]}}.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=126}}

Quality

The {{sc2|HAPPY}} vowel is tense, but unlike Received Pronunciation, it is long {{IPA|[iː]}}, as in the {{sc2|FLEECE}} vowel (see Happy tensing).{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=124}}
Vowels corresponding to unstressed {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in RP are as follows:{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=124}}
- {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in the inflectional suffixes -ed and -es;
- {{IPA|/ə/}} in the suffix -est;
- {{IPA|/iː/}} in prefixes like anti- and poly-.
There is no contrastive {{sc2|NEAR}} vowel. Depending on word, it is replaced by either {{sc2|FLEECE}} (in polysyllables), a disyllabic sequence of {{sc2|FLEECE}} and {{sc2|COMMA}} {{IPA|/iːə/}} (in monosyllables) and a monosyllabic sequence {{IPA|/jøː/}} when word initial (including hear and here, where the {{IPA|/h/}} is generally dropped).{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=124}}
As in many other southern Welsh accents, the {{sc2|NURSE}} vowel is rounded and fronted to {{IPA|[øː]}}. However, a small minority of speakers realise it as {{IPA|[əɾ ~ əɹ]}}.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|pp=121, 125}}
The horse–hoarse merger is absent in PTE, hence the words horse {{IPA|/ɒː/}} and hoarse {{IPA|/oː/}} are kept distinct. {{IPA|/oː/}} is found in fortress and important, where the horse vowel may be found in other dialects that keep the distinction.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=123}}
{{IPA|/ə/}} is open-mid {{IPAblink|ɜ}} in stressed positions. When unstressed, it may be slightly raised to mid {{IPAblink|ə}}.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}
The {{sc2|THOUGHT}} vowel is mainly {{IPA|/ɒː/}}. Exceptions are before {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/st/}}, as in all or exhaust, as well as the word saucepan, where it is replaced by the {{sc2|LOT}} vowel {{IPA|/ɒ/}}. However long {{IPA|/ɒː/}} does appear before the cluster {{IPA|/ld/}} and the word palsy.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=124}}
The trap–bath split is nearly absent, although the word bath along with path, laugh and its derivatives, ghastly and last(ly) have a long {{sc2|PALM}} {{IPA|/aː/}}, yet just like in Northern England, the remainder of {{sc2|BATH}} words are short {{IPA|/a/}}.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=124}}
The {{sc2|TRAP}} words bad, bag and man are often found with long {{IPA|/aː/}}.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=124}}

Diphthongs

Diphthongs of PTE are {{IPA|/ɪʊ, eɪ, oʊ, ʌɪ, ʌʊ, ɒɪ/}}. {{sc2|PRICE}} words are mostly pronounced with {{IPA|/ʌɪ/}}, but there also exists a marginal {{IPA|/aɪ/}} which appears in a small number of words, such as Dai and aye.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=122}}

PTE, like Welsh dialects such as Abercraf English, has preserved several diphthong–monophthong distinctions that other varieties have not. They include:

A distinction between {{IPA|/ɪʊ/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}}, corresponding to the {{sc2|GOOSE}} vowel in other dialects. Thus the pairs blue/blew and grue/grew are not homophones.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=122}}
- When a word is spelt with an {{angbr|o}}, the corresponding vowel is {{IPA|/uː/}}. It also occurs in the words insurance and surety.
- The spellings {{angbr|u}}, {{angbr|ue}} and {{angbr|ui}} following {{angbr|r}} are typically pronounced {{IPA|/uː/}}.
- {{IPA|/uː/}} can also be found in the word blue, and the sequence {{angbr|luC}}, such as flute, lunatic and Pluto
- {{IPA|/ɪʊ/}} is found otherwise, such as crew or glue.
The sequence {{IPAc-en|j|uː}} in most dialects will be rendered as {{IPA|/jɪʊ/}} in word-initial position and after {{angbr|y}}, such as use and youth. You and its derivatives can be pronounced either as {{IPA|/jɪʊ/}} or {{IPA|/ɪʊ/}}. {{IPA|/ɪʊ/}} is otherwise found for all other positions.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=122}}
Another distinction for the {{sc2|FACE}} and {{sc2|GOAT}} lexical sets, thus the minimal pairs pain/pane and toe/tow (see Long mid mergers). They are generally diphthongised as {{IPA|/eɪ/}} and {{IPA|/oʊ/}} when the spelling contains {{angbr|i}}/{{angbr|y}} and {{angbr|u}}/{{angbr|w}} respectively and monophthongised as {{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/oː/}} elsewhere. However, these are subject to several exceptions:{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|pp=122–123}}
- The {{sc2|FACE}} vowel is always diphthong word-finally or preceding a vowel. It is further seen in the suffix sequence {{angbr|-atiV}}, thus café, mosaic and patience are always {{IPA|/eɪ/}}. It is usually a diphthong before a nasal (strange and came), however proper names do have a monophthong (Cambridge and James).
- The {{sc2|FACE}} is a monophthong in bait, gait, gaiter, Jamaica, raisin, traipse and waist.
- Before a single {{angbr|l}}, the {{sc2|GOAT}} is always diphthongal, such as coal or gold. The spelling {{angbr|oll}} is diphthongal in roll, stroll and its derivatives, yet monophthongal elsewhere.
- {{sc2|GOAT}} is monophthongal in (al)though, and morpheme-final -ow (elbow and window).
- Own as a possessive adjective (such as your own) is monophthongal.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=124}}

Elision and assimilation

The consonants {{IPA|/t, d/}} when morpheme- or word-final are very commonly elided, such as not good and handbag {{IPA|/ˈhambaɡ/}}, with the assimilation of the nasal with the b.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}
The indefinite article an (before a vowel) may be reduced to a, as in {{not a typo|a}} apple {{IPA|/ə ˈapəl/}}.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=121}}
The schwa {{IPA|/ə/}} is the most likely to be elided, although it is very normal to retain it.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}
The sequence co(-)op, like the rest of South Wales, is characteristically pronounced like cop {{IPA|/kɒp/}}.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}
Pronouncing the phrases isn't it? {{IPA|/ˈɪn ɪt/}}, never mind {{IPA|/ˈnɛː ˈmʌɪn/}} and there you are {{IPA|/ˈdɛː ˈwaː/}} elided are very common.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}
Moreover, why + negative do, such as why don't, why doesn't or why didn't is also very commonly {{IPA|/ˈwʌɪn/}}.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}

Phonemic incidence

Like in most of Northern England and the Midlands, tooth is pronounced with the {{sc2|FOOT}} vowel, as in {{IPA|/tʊθ/}}.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=124}}
Mauve takes {{IPA|/ɒː/}} instead of {{IPA|/oː/}} or {{IPA|/oʊ/}}.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=124}}
Motor is {{IPA|/ˈmoːtoː/}}, and the strong form of their is {{IPA|/ˈðeɪə/}}.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=124}}
When as an address, girl and man have the {{sc2|STRUT}} vowel {{IPA|/ə/}}.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=124}}

The rest only applies for some speakers:{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}

Daunt and jaunt can have {{IPA|/a/}}.
Hose and whole may also have {{IPA|/uː/}}, and area as {{IPA|/eː/}}.
Want may have {{IPA|/ə/}} instead of {{IPA|/ɒ/}}.

Prosody

Intonation in PTE is similar to Abercraf English. One prominent pattern is with the main pitch movement not necessarily confined to the stressed syllable, but further spread to the end of the word.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=126}}
Like other Welsh accents, PTE tends to avoid having double stress patterns, making words such as Bridgend or icecream lose their secondary stress.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}

Grammar

Ain't commonly used as a negation.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=127}}
The Northern Subject Rule is used in present-tense verb forms and extends to personal pronouns. Examples include I goes to work, the birds sings and you says.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=127}}
Certain words have grammatical meaning unique to PTE, including after meaning 'later' and never as 'didn't'.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=127}}
The accent exhibits double negatives much like in vernacular English accents.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=127}}
The prepositions on, by, for are used idiomatically, in a way that makes it characteristic of a south Wales accent, as in by here/there. Phrasal examples include what is on this? (what's the matter with this), there's times on him/her (he/she is in a temper), what's the time by you (what is an appropriate time for you), you can't go by him/her (You cannot depend on him/her) and there's gratitude for you (you are appreciated).{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=128}}

Vocabulary

ashman — bin man, dustman{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=128}}
cam — a stride{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=127}}
crachach — used everywhere in Wales; a derogatory term used to refer to members of the Establishment in the country.^[1]^[2] It can simply refer to 'posh people'.{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=127}}
lose — to miss (e.g. a bus){{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=127}}
poin — to pester, to nag (from Welsh {{lang|cy|poeni}}){{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=127}}
troughing — guttering{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=128}}
venter — to bet (from Welsh {{lang|cy|fentro}}, a mutated form of {{lang|cy|mentro}}){{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=127}}

Idioms

Examples of commonly-used idiomatic phrases in PTE:{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=128}}

burnt to glory — burnt to the point of ashes{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=128}}
gone home — said when a piece of clothing has worn out{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=128}}
possible if — in PTE it specifically means 'surely it's not that case that...'{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=128}}
sure to be — a phrase that represents 'certainly' or 'without a doubt'{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=128}}

References

1. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Davies|editor1-first=John|editor1-link=John Davies (historian)|editor2-last=Jenkins|editor2-first=Nigel|editor2-link=Nigel Jenkins|editor3-last=Baines|editor3-first=Menna|editor4-last=Lynch|editor4-first=Peredur|editor4-link=Peredur Lynch|title=The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales|publisher=University of Wales Press|date=2008|location=Cardiff|isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6}}
2. ^{{cite news|last=Hitt|first=Carolyn|date=1 March 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4754896.stm|title=Just who are 'the crachach'?|work=BBC News}}

Bibliography

{{Citation

|last=Connolly
|first=John H.
|year=1990
|chapter=Port Talbot English
|editor-last1=Coupland
|editor-first1=Nikolas
|editor-last2=Thomas
|editor-first2=Alan Richard
|title=English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C
|publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd.
|pages=121–129
|isbn=1-85359-032-0
}}

{{Accents of English|hide1=y|hide3=y|mode=cs2}}

5 : British English|Languages of Wales|Welsh English|English language|English dialects

随便看

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。