1. Distinction from development and humanitarian aid

2. Economics
     Economic impacts    Effectiveness  

3. Aid patterns

4. References

Post-conflict aid is the monetary, material or technical assistance granted by other states, non-governmental organizations and private donors to regions that have recently been hit by either an international war, a civil war, or an armed conflict. The donation can take the form of food, financial investment, reconstruction materials and many others and aims to the re-attainment of sustainable socio-economic development as well as to the re-organization of the governmental and judicial structures and institutions in the war-torn region.

Distinction from development and humanitarian aid

Post-conflict aid differs from the conventional development aid in many aspects. It is to some extent comparable to the aid granted in view of certain environmental catastrophes with huge impacts on the humanitarian situation. Just like countries facing a natural disaster, post-conflict countries are mainly confronted with a humanitarian emergency due to the destruction of infrastructures, institutions, public services and labor force as well as the death and injury of many people in the area. Hence, aid committed to the respective country can in both scenarios reach an extraordinarily high level but is likely to decline very rapidly as soon as the emergency has come under control.^[1] In both scenarios, technical help and human resources complement the material component of aid. In contrast, development aid is far more sustainable, not triggered by a single event, tied to certain conditions and mostly granted in the framework of an official international and national development program. Development aid is based on the principle help for self-help, whereas post-conflict and humanitarian aid strives to provide the means to manage a current crisis without a long-term plan. Still, post-conflict aid is more comprehensive that pure humanitarian aid directed to still the basic needs of medical supply, shelter and food in the aftermath of a humanitarian catastrophe. In its most encompassing form, post-conflict aid occurs during the reconstruction phase and the reinstallation of a functioning political system and the rule of law.

Economics

A donor disbursing aid to conflict-torn country offers either humanitarian or reconstruction aid or splits its donation up. Reconstruction help (R) gets part of the receiving country's production function just like government spending would do since it is given to the country in order to invest it in the rebuilding of the economy.

Economic impacts

According to neo-classical growth models, high growth rates are expected to take place in post-conflict societies until the steady state capital stock is reached.^[3] Following the Collier-Dollar model explaining the impact of post-conflict aid on growth, we find that aid is generally subject to diminishing marginal returns and that the impact of post-conflict aid on growth highly depends on the policy environment, meaning that in a better policy environment aid is more effective in boosting growth, resulting in the following equation:^[4]

In order to know the marginal impact of aid on growth, we derivate the above equation with respect to A:

Effectiveness

Addressing the question of the effectiveness and sustainability of post-conflict aid, evaluations have shown that it differs between sectors. All in all, post-conflict aid is effective in improving social infrastructure, like education, health, water, sanitation, and governance, but ineffective in rebuilding economic infrastructure, like transportation, communication, energy, and finance.^[8] Studies from villages in northern Liberia could demonstrate that post-conflict reconstruction programs, as part of post-conflict aid can have a measurable impact on social cohesion in this villages with sustainable effects.^[9] The power of post-conflict aid to increase the overall level of foreign aid is rather small, suggesting that there are no spill-over effects in the long run, even if the respective economy is in need of long-term support. Thus, post-conflict aid is timely limited and has a rather small effect on the tong-term growth. According to the World Bank report, post-conflict aid should be phased in slowly so that it reaches its peak level in the middle of the first post-war decade. At this point, it should be doubled before being reduced.^[10]

Aid patterns

Post-conflict aid is not granted without certain patterns but follows the donor's strategic rationales. The rationales can be of humanitarian nature or be based on the interest of implementing a peace agreement, typically in accordance to a political agenda. Another motivation might be the targeted state itself which might either be a client regime, or a region where the donor hopes to gain political or economic influence over.^[11] By looking at the donor-side, empirical research suggests multiple characteristics as useful predictors for post-conflict economic assistance: Aid from OECD countries starts in most cases in the aftermath of a conflict and increases over time, especially if OECD or UN Peacekeeping troops were involved during the conflict or the conflict management. OECD countries provide more aid to countries with a high level of democracy and an open-market economy but are more reluctant to provide it for (highly) developed countries. They are also more likely to assist countries which are undergoing a regime transition or change, especially if this leads to a donor-favored regime or peace agreement.^[12] But even countries with a donor-favored regime or peace agreement can lose funding in cases of ineffective policy-implementation, human rights considerations or a reduced sense of emergency. On the average this happens three to four years after the conflict.^[13]

References

• Alexander Carson (filmmaker)
• Alexander Carter-Silk
• Alexander Caseby
• Alexander Catlin Twining
• Alexander Cawadias
• Alexander C. Currier
• Alexander, Cecil
• Alexander Cemetery
• Alexander Cemetery (disambiguation)
• Alexander Cemetery (Rostov-on-Don)
• Alexander Chaffers
• Alexander Chapman
• Alexander Chappuzeau
• Alexander Charles Begg
• Alexander Charles Cumming
• Alexander Charles Farquharson
• Alexander Charles Onslow Fergusson
• Alexander Charles Stephen
• Alexander Charriol
• Alexander Chekhirkin
• Alexander Chekmenev
• Alexander Chen (musician)
• Alexander Cherepanov
• Alexander Chernoivanov
• Alexander Chow