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词条 Presidency of Nicolás Maduro
释义

  1. Rule by decree

      2013–2014    2015–2016    2016–2017    2017–2018  

  2. Military authority

  3. Domestic policy

      Crime    Economic    Military  

  4. Foreign policy

  5. 2014–present: Venezuelan protests

  6. Recall referendum

     Initial petition  Second phase of the referendum  Suspension of referendum  Reaction  International reactions 

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{update|date=January 2019}}{{short lead|date=March 2017}}{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Nicolás Maduro
|image =
|office = President of Venezuela
|vicepresident = {{List collapsed|title=See list|Jorge Arreaza|(2013–2016)|Aristóbulo Istúriz|(2016–2017)|Tareck El Aissami|(2017–2018)|Delcy Rodríguez|(2018–present)}}
|term_start = 19 April 2013
{{small|Acting: 5 March 2013 – 19 April 2013}}
{{small|Disputed with Juan Guaidó from 11 January 2019}}
|term_end =
|predecessor = Hugo Chávez
|successor = Juan Guaidó {{small|(partially recognized)}}
|party = United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV)
}}

On 14 April 2013 Nicolás Maduro was elected President of Venezuela, narrowly defeating opposition candidate Henrique Capriles with just 1.5% of the vote separating the two candidates. Capriles immediately demanded a recount, refusing to recognize the outcome as valid.[1] Maduro was later formally inaugurated as President on 19 April, after the election commission had promised a full audit of the election results.[2][3] On 24 October 2013, he announced the creation of a new agency, the Vice Ministry of Supreme Happiness, to coordinate all the social programmes.[4]

Rule by decree

Beginning six months after being elected, Maduro has ruled by decree for the majority of his presidency: from 19 November 2013 to 19 November 2014,[5] 15 March 2015 to 31 December 2015, 15 January 2016 to present.[6]

2013–2014

In October 2013, Maduro requested an enabling law to rule by decree in order to fight corruption[7][8] and to also fight what he called an "economic war".[9] On 19 November 2013, the National Assembly granted Maduro the power to rule by decree until 19 November 2014.[10]

2015–2016

On 10 March 2015, Maduro asked to rule by decree for a second time following the sanctioning of seven Venezuelan officials by the United States, requesting the Enabling Law to be used to "confront" what Maduro called "the aggression of the most powerful country in the world, the United States".[11] Days later on 15 March 2015, the National Assembly granted Maduro power to rule by decree until 31 December 2015.[12]

2016–2017

After a coalition of opposition parties won in the 6 December 2015 elections, the lame duck Assembly named 13 new Justices sympathetic toward Maduro to the Supreme Court.[13] On 15 January 2016, Maduro declared an economic emergency and issued a "vaguely worded" decree that would grant himself extraordinary powers for 60 days, or until 15 March 2016.[14][15] Days after on 18 March 2016, the expiration of the decree powers, the Supreme Court granted Maduro the power to rule by decree for an additional 60 days, or until 17 May 2016.[16]

Days before his second 60-day rule by decree were to end, Maduro stated on 11 May 2016 that he would continue to rule by decree through the rest of the year until 2017.[17]

2017–2018

While meeting with the Supreme Tribunal of Justice on 15 January 2017, Maduro signed a new economic decree, extending his rule by decree for the sixth time since the original ruling in January 2016.[18] On 19 January, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice established the "Decree on the State of Emergency and Economic Emergency", granting Maduro to rule by decree further into 2017.[19]

On 13 May 2017 at a time of rising unrest during the 2017 Venezuelan protests, President Maduro extended his decree powers for the eighth time since January 2016, allowing him to rule by decree for another 60 days.[6] The powers were extended again on 13 July 2017 for an additional 60 days.[20]

On 15 October The Bolivarian government Great Patriotic Pole won 18 of the 23 governorships while the opposition only 5 during the Venezuelan regional elections, 2017

On 10 December - The Bolivarian government Great Patriotic Pole won 306 of the 337 Mayorships during the Venezuelan municipal elections, 2017.

Military authority

{{Quote box|width=250px|align=right|quote=Since coming to power three years ago, Mr. Maduro has relied increasingly on the armed forces as a spiraling economic crisis pushed his approval ratings to record lows and food shortages led to lootings. ... The armed forces have swiftly repressed all opposition rallies as well as the food riots that flare up daily across the country.
|author = The Wall Street Journal[21]
}}

Maduro has relied on the military to maintain power since he was initially elected into office.[21] According to Luis Manuel Esculpi, a Venezuelan security analyst, "The army is Maduro's only source of authority."[21] As time passed, Maduro grew more reliant on the military, showing that Maduro was losing power as described by Amherst College professor, Javier Corrales.[22] Corrales explains that "From 2003 until Chavez died in 2013, the civilian wing was strong, so he did not have to fall back on the military. As civilians withdrew their support, Maduro was forced to resort to military force."[22] The New York Times states that Maduro no longer has the oil revenue to buy loyalty for protection, instead relying on favorable exchange rates, as well as the smuggling of food and drugs, which "also generate revenue".[23]

On 12 July 2016, Maduro granted Defense Minister Vladimir Padrino López the power to oversee product transportation, price controls, the Bolivarian missions, while also having his military command five of Venezuela's main ports.[24][25][26] This action performed by President Maduro made General Padrino one of the most powerful people in Venezuela, possibly "the second most powerful man in Venezuelan politics".[25][27] The appointment of Padrino was also seen to be similar to the Cuban government's tactic of granting the Cuban military the power to manage Cuba's economy.[25] It is the first time since the dictatorship of General Marcos Perez Jimenez in 1958 that a military official has held such power in Venezuela.[26] According to Corrales, "For all of the ministers of the cabinet to have to respond to a soldier, this is associated with military dictatorships".[21]

According to Nicolás Maduro:[25]

{{quote|text=All ministries and government institutions are subordinated to the National Command of the Great Mission for Safe Sovereign and Safe Supply, which is under the command of the President and of the top General, Vladimir Padrino López.}}

Domestic policy

Maduro denies that Venezuela has been facing a humanitarian crisis.[28] Maduro stuck to his predecessor Hugo Chávez's policies in order to remain popular to those who find a connection between the two. Despite the increasingly difficult crises facing Venezuela, such as a faltering economy and high crime rate, Maduro continued the use of Chávez's policies.[29]

After continuing Chávez's policies, Maduro's support among Venezuelans began to decrease, with Bloomberg explaining that he held on to power by placing opponents in jail and impeding upon Venezuela's freedom of press.[30] According to Marsh, instead of making any policy changes, Maduro placed attention on his "hold on power by closing off the legal channels through which the opposition can act".[31] Shannon K. O'Neil of the Council on Foreign Relations stated that "After Chavez's death, Maduro has just continued and accelerated the authoritarian and totalitarian policies of Chavez".[32]

Regarding Maduro's ideology, Professor Ramón Piñango, a sociologist from the Venezuelan University of IESA, "Maduro has a very strong ideological orientation, close to the Communist ideology. Contrary to Diosdado, he is not very pragmatic".[33] Maduro himself has stated that Venezuela must build a more socialist nation, highlighting that the country needs an economic overhaul, a political-military union and government involvement in the workplace.[34]

Crime

{{details|Crime in Venezuela}}

One of the first important presidential programs of Maduro became the "Safe Homeland" program, a massive police and military campaign to build security in the country. Three thousand soldiers were deployed to decrease homicide in Venezuela, which has one of the highest rates of homicide in Latin America.[35] Most of these troops were deployed in the state of Miranda (Greater Caracas), which has the highest homicide rate in Venezuela. According to the government, in 2012, more than 16,000 people were killed, a rate of 54 people per 100,000, although the Venezuela Violence Observatory, a Venezuelan NGO, claims that the homicide rate was in fact 73 people per 100,000.[35] The government claims that the Safe Homeland program has reduced homicides by 55%.[36][37] The program had to be reinitiated one year later after the program's creator, Miguel Rodríguez Torres, was replaced by Carmen Melendez Teresa Rivas.[38] Murder also increased over the years since the program's initiation according to the Venezuela Violence Observatory, with the murder rate increasing to 82 per 100,000 in 2014.[39] 23,047 homicides were committed in Venezuela in 2018, a rate of 81.4 per 100,000 people.[40]

Economic

{{Main|Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro government}}

When elected in 2013, Maduro continued the majority of existing economic policies of his predecessor Hugo Chávez. When entering the presidency, Maduro's Venezuela faced a high inflation rate and large shortages of goods[51][41][42] that was left over from the previous administration of President Chávez.[43][44][45][46]

Maduro blamed capitalism for speculation that is driving high rates of inflation and creating widespread shortages of staples, and often said he was fighting an "economic war", calling newly enacted economic measures "economic offensives" against political opponents he and loyalists state are behind an international economic conspiracy.[47][48][49][50][51][52] However, Maduro has been criticized for only concentrating on public opinion instead of tending to the practical issues economists have warned the Venezuelan government about or creating any ideas to improve the economic situation in Venezuela such as the "economic war".[53][54]

Venezuela was ranked as the top spot globally with the highest misery index score in 2013,[55] 2014,[56] 2015[57][58] and 2016.[59] In 2014, Venezuela's economy entered an economic depression[60] that has continued as of 2017.[31] Under Maduro’s rule, GDP has approximately halved.[61]

Military

{{Quote box
| quote = Since coming to power three years ago, Mr. Maduro has relied increasingly on the armed forces as a spiraling economic crisis pushed his approval ratings to record lows and food shortages led to lootings. ... The armed forces have swiftly repressed all opposition rallies as well as the food riots that flare up daily across the country.
| align = right
| width = 250px
| author = The Wall Street Journal[62]

}}Maduro has relied on the military to maintain power since he was initially elected into office.[21] He has promised to make Venezuela a great power by 2050, stating that the Venezuelan military would lead the way to make the country "a powerhouse, of happiness, of equality".[63]

On 12 July 2016, Maduro granted Defense Minister Vladimir Padrino López the power to oversee product transportation, price controls, the Bolivarian missions, while also having his military command five of Venezuela's main ports.[64][65][66] This action performed by President Maduro made General Padrino one of the most powerful people in Venezuela, possibly "the second most powerful man in Venezuelan politics".[65][27] The appointment of Padrino was also seen to be similar to the Cuban government's tactic of granting the Cuban military the power to manage Cuba's economy.[65]

According to Nicolás Maduro:[65]{{quote|text=All ministries and government institutions are subordinated to the National Command of the Great Mission for Safe Sovereign and Safe Supply, which is under the command of the President and of the top General, Vladimir Padrino López.}}It was the first time since the dictatorship of General Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1958 that a military official has held such power in Venezuela.[66]

Foreign policy

{{Main|Foreign relations of Venezuela}}

Maduro has accused the United States of intervention in Venezuela several times with his allegations ranging from post-election violence by "neo-Nazi groups", economic difficulties from what he called an "economic war" and various coup plots.[67][68] The United States has denied such accusations[68] while analysts{{who|date=March 2018}} have called such allegations by Maduro as a way to distract Venezuelans from their problems.[69]

In early 2015 the Obama administration signed an executive order which imposed targeted sanctions on seven Venezuelan officials whom the White House argued were instrumental in human rights violations, persecution of political opponents and significant public corruption and said that the country posed an "unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States".[70] Maduro responded to the sanctions in a couple of ways. He wrote an open letter in a full page ad in The New York Times in March 2015, stating that Venezuelans were "friends of the American people" and called President Obama's action of making targeted sanctions on the alleged human rights abusers a "unilateral and aggressive measure".[71][72] Examples of accusations of human rights abuses from the United States to Maduro's government included the murder of a political activist prior to legislative elections in Venezuela.[73] Maduro threatened to sue the United States over an executive order issued by the Obama Administration that declared Venezuela to be a threat to American security.[74] He also planned to deliver 10 million signatures, or signatures from about 1/3 of Venezuela's population, denouncing the United States' decree declaring the situation in Venezuela an "extraordinary threat to US national security".[75][76] and ordered all schools in the country to hold an "anti-imperialist day" against the United States with the day's activities including the "collection of the signatures of the students, and teaching, administrative, maintenance and cooking personnel".[76] Maduro further ordered state workers to apply their signatures in protest, with some workers reporting that firings of state workers occurred due to their rejection of signing the executive order protesting the "Obama decree".[76][77][78][79][80][81] There were also reports that members of Venezuelan armed forces and their families were ordered to sign against the United States decree.[76]

On 6 April 2015, twenty-five (25) ex-presidents issued a Declaración de Panamá,[82] a statement denouncing the VII Cumbre de las Américas, what they called "democratic alteration" in Venezuela, promoted by the government of Nicolas Maduro. The statement calls for the immediate release of "political prisoners" in Venezuela. Among the former heads of government that have called for improvements in Venezuela are: Jorge Quiroga (Bolivia); Sebastián Piñera (Chile): Andrés Pastrana, Álvaro Uribe and Belisario Betancur (Colombia); Miguel Ángel Rodríguez, Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, Laura Chinchilla, Óscar Arias, Luis Alberto Monge (Costa Rica), Osvaldo Hurtado (Ecuador); Alfredo Cristiani and Armando Calderón (EL Salvador); José María Aznar (Spain); Felipe Calderón and Vicente Fox (México), Mireya Moscoso (Panamá), Alejandro Toledo (Perú) and Luis Alberto Lacalle (Uruguay).[83]

Maduro has reached out to China for economic assistance while China has funneled billions of dollars from multiple loans into Venezuela.[84] China is Venezuela's second largest trade partner with two-thirds of Venezuelan exports to China composed of oil.[84] According to Mark Jones, a Latin American expert of the Baker Institute, China was "investing for strategic reasons" rather than ideological similarities.[84] The Venezuelan military has also used military equipment from China using the NORINCO VN-4 armoured vehicle against protesters during the 2014–15 Venezuelan protests, ordering hundreds more as a result of the demonstrations.[85][86]

At the 17th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 2016, hosted by Venezuela at Margarita Island, Maduro was elected chairperson by acclamation, a position that he is to hold until the 18th Summit in Azerbaijan in 2019.[87] Maduro's administration spent over US$120 million on the event,[88] and Maduro billed it as a meeting that would "be remembered for centuries"; according to Al Jazeera, the "delegates who did come complained privately of a lack of organisation, delays and shabby hotels".[89] The Maduro administration did not respond to a request from Al Jazeera for a list of delegations present;[89] of the 120 NAM member states, media sources estimated between 10[90] and 15[91] heads of state attended, including Boliva,[89] Cuba, Ecuador, Palestine, Iran, Syria and Zimbabwe.[90] For only the second time since NAM was founded, India did not attend;[90] of the countries that did attend, many are recipients of Venezuelan oil subsidies, according to Foreign Policy and FOX News.[90][92]

In Israel-Palestinian conflict, Maduro has frequently supported Palestinian cause in international forums including his stance that his country recognizes Jerusalem as the eternal capital of Palestine after the US embassy move to Jerusalem which he called as an "extremist decision" lacks legal validity and violates international law.[93][94][95][96] In January 2019, Maduro reaffirms the unconditional support for the struggle of the Palestinians in defense of their sovereignty in accordance with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations and international law.[97]

On 11 August 2017, President Donald Trump said that he is “not going to rule out a military option” to confront the government of Nicolás Maduro.[98] On 23 January 2019, Maduro announced that Venezuela was breaking ties with the United States following President Trump's announcement of recognizing Juan Guaidó, the Venezuelan opposition leader, as the interim President of Venezuela.[99]

On 14 January 2019, days after Brazil recognised Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaidó as the country's interim president, Maduro called Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro “a Hitler of the modern era”.[100]

2014–present: Venezuelan protests

{{Main article|2014–17 Venezuelan protests}}

Since 2014, a series of protests, political demonstrations, and civil insurrection began in Venezuela due to the country's high levels of violence, inflation, and chronic shortages of basic goods[101][102] attributed to economic policies such as strict price controls.[103][104] Maduro's government saw the protests as an undemocratic coup d'etat attempt[105] orchestrated by "fascist opposition leaders and the United States".[106]

{{Quote box|width=250px|align=left|quote=If they want to march every day, go ahead and march ... I will use the iron fist granted to me by Chávez. Make no mistake about me. I am willing to do anything to defend the homeland, its sovereignty and our people.
|author = Nicolás Maduro[107]}}

Although Maduro, a former trade union leader, says he supports peaceful protesting,[108] the Venezuelan government has been widely condemned for its handling of the protests. Venezuelan authorities have reportedly gone beyond the use of rubber pellets and tear gas to instances of live ammunition use and torture of arrested protestors, according to organizations like Amnesty International[109] and Human Rights Watch,[110] while the United Nations[111][112][113] has accused the Venezuelan government of politically-motivated arrests, most notably former Chacao mayor and leader of Popular Will, Leopoldo Lopez, who has used the controversial charges of murder and inciting violence against him to protest the government's "criminalization of dissent."[114][115][116]

Protests dwindled through 2015 and into 2016, though a movement to recall Maduro rekindled anti-government sentiment among Venezuelans,{{cn|date=March 2017}} culminating with over one million protesting nationwide on September 1, 2016.[117][118] Protests since then have continued, especially due to controversies surrounding the recall movement and the continued socioeconomic hardships Venezuelans face on a daily basis.{{cn|date=March 2017}}

Recall referendum

The process to hold a recall referendum to vote on recalling Maduro was started on May 2, 2016. On that date, opposition leaders in Venezuela handed in a petition to the National Electoral Council (CNE) that started a several stage process.[148] As of July 2016, the Venezuelan government had stated that if enough signatures were collected, a recall vote would be held no sooner than 2017.[149]

Initial petition

On May 2, 2016, opposition leaders in Venezuela handed in a petition calling for a recall referendum. On June 21, 2016, the BBC reported that signatures for a referendum to recall Maduro were being recorded by the National Electoral Council (CNE), with the process ongoing for several days. The petition required 1% of the electorate to endorse it before the next stage of voting could be held.[119]

According to opposition leaders, in July during a preliminary signature drive for the recall, the CNE "rejected more than half a million signatures for reasons ranging from unclear handwriting to smudged fingerprints."[151]

In early July 2016, Barack Obama urged Venezuela to allow the recall referendum.[120] On July 5, 2016, the Venezuelan intelligence service detained five opposition activists involved with the recall referendum, with two other activists of the same party, Popular Will, also arrested.[120]

According to a July 27, 2016 article in The Guardian, "Venezuela's opposition has demanded authorities move forward on a referendum to force Nicolás Maduro from office, amid complaints that the government is digging in its heels to delay the process." Several days before protests on the issue at the headquarters of the CNE had been held after the CNE missed a deadline on announcing whether a recent petition had collected enough valid signatures. The government, in response, argued the protestors were part of a plot to topple Maduro. At the time, a poll by Venebarómetro reportedly found that "88% of 'likely' voters in a recall would choose to oust Maduro."[121]

Second phase of the referendum

On August 1, 2016, the CNE announced that enough signatures had been validated for the recall process to continue. A date was not set by the CNE for the second phase to take place, which requires raising 20 percent of the electorates' signatures. While opposition leaders pushed for the recall to be held before the end of 2016, allowing a new presidential election to take place, the government vowed a recall would not occur until 2017, ensuring the current vice president would potentially come to power. Reuters reported that the government had launched 9,000 lawsuits alleging fraud in signature collection by that time.[122]

On August 9, 2016, the CNE presented a timeline for the referendum that made it unlikely it would be held before the end of 2016, in part due to a new 90-day verification period for signatures.[123][157] The second stage of the petition was estimated by the CNE to likely take place in October 2016,[124] resulting in a vote likely happening in February 2017.[123] Opposition leaders were reported to be planning a large protest march in response,[124] with leaders accusing the CNE of favoring the incumbent Socialist Party with the wait time.[123] According to Reuters on August 9, "Socialist Party leaders have dismissed the recall effort as fraudulent and noted that the elections council found nearly 10,000 signatures corresponding to people who were deceased."[123]

Early on September 21, 2016, the National Electoral Council set new guidelines for the recall campaign that The Associated Press described as "unfavorable to the opposition."[125] Among other rules, officials announced that signatures would need to be gathered from 20 percent of Venezuelan voters over three days, specifically October 26 until October 28. In addition, officials required campaigners to gather 20 percent from the electorate in each state, although "opposition leaders say they should only have to gather signatures from 20 percent of voters nationwide." The opposition, which had asked for 20,000 voting machines, was granted 5,400 by officials.[125] On September 21, 2016, the National Electoral Council announced the recall referendum would not be held before January 10, meaning new elections would be ruled out in favor of the VP assuming Maduro's place until the end of the term in 2019. The CNE said that the vote "could be held in the middle of the first quarter of 2017."[126]

Suspension of referendum

{{Quote box|width=250px|align=right|quote=When this happens there is no democracy. What Venezuela has is dictatorship...|author = Jose Vicente Haro, Venezuelan law expert[127]
}}

On 21 October 2016, the CNE suspended the referendum only days before preliminary signature-gatherings were to be held.[128] The CNE blamed alleged voter fraud as the reason for the cancellation of the referendum.[128]

Reaction

Opposition leaders responded by calling on protests against the CNE's actions.[128] The day after the government's announcement, several thousand Venezuelans marched through Caracas protesting against the suspension.[129] Demonstrators were led by Lilian Tintori and Patricia Gutiérrez, wives of arrested opposition politicians.[129]

Experts described the suspension as "unconstitutional".[127] Venezuelan constitutional law expert Jose Vicente Haro stated that the move by the Bolivarian government shows no respect for the constitution while the Washington Office on Latin America called the suspension "a setback for democracy".[127]

International reactions

Reuters reported on August 4, 2016 that U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry had stated that "we encourage Venezuela to embrace the recall not in a delayed way that pushes it into next year, but to do this as a sign of respect for the constitution of the country and the needs of the people of the country."[130] On August 11, 2016, 15 countries in the Organization of American States released a joint statement urging for the referendum to be held "without delay," to "contribute to the quick and effective resolution of the current political, economic and social difficulties in the country."[131]

See also

{{Portal|Venezuela}}
  • Venezuelan recall referendum, 2004
  • Venezuelan protests (2014-present)

References

1. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/15/world/americas/venezuela-elections/index.html |last=Shoichet |first=Catherine |work=CNN |title=Chavez's Political Heir Declared Winner; Opponent Demands Recount |date=15 April 2013 |accessdate=15 April 2013}}
2. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-22220526 "Nicolas Maduro sworn in as new Venezuelan president"]. BBC News. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.3. ^Kroth, Olivia (18 April 2013). "Delegations from 15 countries to assist Maduro's inauguration in Venezuela". Pravda.ru. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
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11. ^{{cite news|title=Venezuela's Nicolas Maduro Asks for Decree Powers to Counter U.S.|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/latin-america/venezuelas-nicolas-maduro-asks-decree-powers-counter-u-s-n321226|accessdate=27 April 2015|agency=NBC News|date=11 March 2015}}
12. ^{{cite news|title=Venezuela: President Maduro granted power to govern by decree|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-31899510|accessdate=27 April 2015|agency=BBC News|date=16 March 2015}}
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68. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Otis|first1=John|title=Venezuela's President Sees Only Plots As His Economy Crumbles|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2015/03/08/391549844/venezuelas-maduro-sees-only-plots-as-his-economy-crumbles|access-date=20 March 2015|publisher=NPR|date=8 March 2015}}
69. ^{{cite news|last1=Mogollon|first1=Mery|last2=Kraul|first2=Chris|title=Venezuela commemorates Hugo Chavez amid economic and other woes|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-venezuela-chavez-maduro-20150305-story.html|access-date=18 March 2015|work=Los Angeles Times|date=5 March 2015}}
70. ^{{cite news|title=Seven Venezuelan officials targeted by US|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-31804925|publisher=BBC|date=10 March 2015|ref=BBC}}
71. ^{{cite news|title=Venezuelan president's son, Nicolas Maduro Jr., showered in dollar bills as economy collapses|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/03/19/venezuelan-president-son-nicolas-maduro-jr-showered-in-dollar-bills-as-economy/|access-date=20 March 2015|agency=Fox News Latino|date=19 March 2015}}
72. ^{{cite news|title=Venezuela launches anti-American, in-your-face propaganda campaign in the U.S.|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/03/18/venezuela-launches-anti-american-in-your-face-propaganda-campaign-in-us/|access-date=20 March 2015|agency=Fox News Latino|date=18 March 2015}}
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74. ^{{Cite news|title = Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro Says He Will Sue U.S.|url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelan-president-nicolas-maduro-says-he-will-sue-u-s-1446164940|newspaper = The Wall Street Journal|access-date = 30 November 2015|issn = 0099-9660|first = Kejal|last = Vyas}}
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77. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.diariolasamericas.com/4848_venezuela/3027321_trabajadores-petroleros-firmen-decreto-obama-despedidos.html|title=Trabajadores petroleros que no firmen contra el decreto Obama serán despedidos|access-date=27 April 2016}}
78. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2015/04/01/despiden-a-dos-trabajadores-de-corpozulia-por-negarse-a-firmar-contra-decreto-obama/|title=Despiden a dos trabajadores de Corpozulia por negarse a firmar contra decreto Obama|access-date=27 April 2016|date=April 2015}}
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81. ^{{cite news|url=http://es.panampost.com/sabrina-martin/2015/03/26/bajo-amenazas-chavismo-recolecta-firmas-contra-obama-en-venezuela/|title=Bajo amenazas, chavismo recolecta firmas contra Obama en Venezuela|first=Sabrina|last=Martín|newspaper=PanAm Post|date=26 March 2015|access-date=27 April 2016}}
82. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/MCM-Declaracion-Panama-democracia-Venezuela_0_607139358.html|title=MCM: Declaración de Panamá es un hito histórico en la lucha por la democracia en Venezuela|access-date=27 April 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070435/http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/MCM-Declaracion-Panama-democracia-Venezuela_0_607139358.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}
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84. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Rey Mallén|first1=Patiricia|title=China's Paying Venezuela To Stay Afloat. Now Maduro Wants To Be Friends|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/chinas-paying-venezuela-stay-afloat-now-maduro-wants-be-friends-1572022|access-date=20 March 2015|work=International Business Times|date=15 April 2014}}
85. ^{{cite web|title=Chinese systems get 'combat experience' in Venezuela|url=http://www.janes.com/article/34752/chinese-systems-get-combat-experience-in-venezuela|publisher=IHS Jane's|access-date=21 May 2014}}
86. ^{{cite web|title=Venezuela will buy 300 new anti-riot vehicles|url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/august_2014_global_defense_security_news_uk/venezuela_will_buy_300_new_anti-riot_vehicles.html|website=Army Recognition|access-date=29 August 2014}}
87. ^{{cite web |url= https://mnoal.org/nam-summits/ |title= NAM Summits |accessdate= 6 April 2019 |publisher= Non-Aligned Movement |quote= Nicolás Maduro Moros, President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, who was elected by acclamation as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)}}
88. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.dw.com/en/only-eight-foreign-leaders-confirm-attendance-at-lavish-venezuela-summit/a-19559457|work= DW |title= Only eight foreign leaders confirm attendance at lavish Venezuela summit |date= 17 September 2016 |accessdate= 4 April 2019 |quote=Fewer than a dozen world leaders have made an appearance at a meeting of a large Cold War-era bloc in Venezuela. The cash-strapped country has spent more than $120 million to prepare for the event.}}
89. ^1 2 {{ cite news |url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/venezuela-aligned-summit-fissles-maduro-160917212039058.html |title= Venezuela: Non-Aligned summit fizzles for Maduro |work= Al Jazeera |date= 18 September 2016 |accessdate= 6 April 2019}}
90. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |url= https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/19/venezuelas-no-good-rotten-terrible-meeting-of-the-non-aligned-club/ |work= Foreign Policy | |title= Venezuela's no good, rotten, terrible meeting of the Non-Aligned club | date= 19 September 2016 |accessdate= 6 April 2019 |author= Surana, Kavitha |quote= Only 10 heads of state turned up to the event, out of 120 nominal member countries in the movement, many of them left-wing allies or recipients of oil subsidies.}}
91. ^{{cite news |url= https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/09/19/inenglish/1474287044_430254.html |work= El Pais |title= Non-Aligned Movement summit in Venezuela overshadowed by crisis |author= Castro, Maolis |date= 19 September 2016 |accessdate= 6 April 2019|quote= Poor attendance by foreign dignitaries, accusations of wasteful spending and widespread protests across the troubled nation dogged the five-day event, which finished on Sunday. Just 15 heads of state from the 120-member bloc bothered to attend the summit ...}}
92. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.foxnews.com/world/only-12-heads-of-state-arrive-to-non-aligned-summit-due-to-venezuelas-economic-crisis |title= Only 12 heads of state arrive to non-aligned summit due to Venezuela's economic crisis |work= FOX News |date= 18 September 2016 |accessdate= 6 April 2019|quote= Of those leaders present, more than half are Maduro's close ideological allies and recipients of oil subsidies in Latin America and Caribbean. }}
93. ^[https://www.stlucianewsonline.com/venezuela-and-the-nam-express-their-absolute-support-for-the-palestinian-cause/ Venezuela and the NAM Express Their Absolute Support for the Palestinian cause]
94. ^[https://www.timesofisrael.com/palestinian-official-slams-us-over-its-support-for-venezuelan-opposition-leader/ Times of Israel]
95. ^[https://www.arabamerica.com/venezuela-recognizes-jerusalem-as-the-capital-of-palestine-as-trump-accelerates-u-s-embassy-move-to-jerusalem/ Venezuela Recognizes Jerusalem as the Capital of Palestine as Trump Accelerates US Embassy Move to Jerusalem]
96. ^WAFA
97. ^President Maduro Relations Palestine
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99. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/23/venezuela-president-maduro-breaks-relations-with-us-gives-american-diplomats-72-hours-to-leave-country.html|title=Venezuela's Nicolas Maduro gives American diplomats 72 hours to leave|first=|last=CNBC|date=23 January 2019|website=www.cnbc.com}}
100. ^{{cite news |title='Bolsonaro is Hitler!' Venezuela's Maduro exclaims amid Brazil spat |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-brazil/bolsonaro-is-hitler-venezuelas-maduro-exclaims-amid-brazil-spat-idUSKCN1P82FJ |agency=Reuters |date=14 January 2019}}
101. ^{{cite news| title= Venezuela's Maduro says 2013 annual inflation was 56.2 pct|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/30/venezuela-inflation-annual-idUSL2N0K90V020131230 |accessdate= 19 January 2014|newspaper= Reuters|date= 30 December 2013}}
102. ^{{cite news | title = Venezuela Inflation Hits 16-Year High as Shortages Rise|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-07/venezuela-inflation-hits-16-year-high-as-shortages-rise.html |accessdate=16 February 2014|newspaper= Bloomberg|date= 7 November 2013}}
103. ^{{cite web|url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2092rank.html |title=Inflation rate (consumer prices) |work=CIA World Factbook|accessdate=26 February 2014}}
104. ^1 {{cite news|url = http://www.economist.com/node/21526365 |accessdate=23 February 2014|title=Venezuela's economy: Medieval policies|work = The Economist}}
105. ^{{cite web|last1=Kurmanaev|first1=Anatoly|last2=Pons|first2=Corina|title=Venezuela Protests Drive Poor to Maduro as Death Toll Mounts|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-13/middle-class-protesting-venezuela-shortages-drive-poor-to-maduro.html|publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek|accessdate=6 June 2014}}
106. ^{{cite web|last=Milne|first=Seumas|title=Venezuela protests are sign that US wants our oil, says Nicolás Maduro|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/08/venezuela-protests-sign-us-wants-oil-says-nicolas-maduro|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=9 April 2014}}
107. ^{{cite news|last1=Soto|first1=Nathan Crooks nmcrooks Noris|title=Venezuela's Capital Caracas Pulses With Opposition Protest|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-01/venezuelan-capital-pulsing-with-opponents-supporters-of-maduro|accessdate=25 September 2016|work=Bloomberg|date=1 September 2016}}
108. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/Maduro-pedira-AN-comision-verdad_0_361164009.html | title=Maduro pedirá a la AN una "comisión de la verdad | publisher=El-Nacional | date=23 February 2014 | accessdate=17 July 2014 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727081013/http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/Maduro-pedira-AN-comision-verdad_0_361164009.html | archivedate=27 July 2014 | df= }}
109. ^{{cite news|title=Amnesty Reports Dozens of Venezuela Torture Accounts|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-01/amnesty-reports-dozens-of-venezuela-torture-accounts.html|accessdate=13 April 2014|newspaper=Bloomberg}}
110. ^{{cite web|title=Punished for Protesting|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/venezuela0514_reportcover_web.pdf|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=6 May 2014}}
111. ^{{cite news|title=ONU insta a la inmediata liberación de Leopoldo López|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/ONU-inmediata-liberacion-Leopoldo-Lopez_0_497350352.html|accessdate=9 October 2014|agency=El Nacional|date=8 October 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009044857/http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/ONU-inmediata-liberacion-Leopoldo-Lopez_0_497350352.html|archivedate=9 October 2014|df=}}
112. ^{{cite news|title=ONU pide al gobierno liberación inmediata de Daniel Ceballos|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/ONU-liberacion-inmediata-Daniel-Ceballos_0_499750159.html|accessdate=13 October 2014|agency=El Nacional|date=12 October 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013060728/http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/ONU-liberacion-inmediata-Daniel-Ceballos_0_499750159.html|archivedate=13 October 2014|df=}}
113. ^{{cite web|title=Venezuela: UN rights chief calls for immediate release of opposition leader, politicians|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=49120#.VEc4WZPF8Q5|website=United Nations|accessdate=22 October 2014}}
114. ^{{cite news| last =Lopez| first =Leopoldo| title =Venezuela's Failing State| work =New York Times| url =https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/26/opinion/venezuelas-failing-state.html?hp&rref=opinion&_r=0 }}
115. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/20/us-venezuela-protests-idUSBREA2J02Y20140320|title=Venezuela arrests one opposition mayor, jails another}}
116. ^{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Guy|title=Sliding oil prices leave socialist Venezuela on brink of financial collapse President Nicolas Maduro under international pressure for jailing opposition figures|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/dec/25/oil-prices-push-venezuela-brink-economic-collapse/|accessdate=29 December 2014|agency=Washington Times|date=25 December 2014}}
117. ^{{Citation | title =Venezuela protests: Large anti-Maduro march held in Caracas | newspaper = BBC News | date =September 2, 2016 | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-37243191 | access-date =March 28, 2017}}
118. ^{{Citation | last =Ore | first = Diego | title =Venezuelan opposition floods Caracas in vast anti-Maduro protest | newspaper = Reuters | date =September 1, 2016 | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN1173LS | access-date =}}
119. ^1 {{cite web | url =https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36576771 | title =Venezuela starts validating recall referendum signatures | date =June 21, 2016 | publisher =BBC | access-date = August 8, 2016}}
120. ^1 {{cite web | url =https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuela-detains-activists-calling-for-maduro-s-ouster-group-says-1467828376 | title =Venezuela Detains Activists Calling for Maduro's Ouster | last =Kurmanaev | first =Anatoly | date =July 6, 2016 | website = | publisher =The Wall Street Journal | access-date = August 8, 2016}}
121. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/27/venezuela-opposition-protests-nicolas-maduro-recall-vote | title = Venezuela government stalling recall vote to keep power, opposition claims | author = Sibylla Brodzinsky | publisher = The Guardian | date = 27 July 2016}}
122. ^1 {{cite web | url =https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN10C3DV | title =Venezuela election board okays opposition recall push first phase | last =Cawthorne | first =Andrew | date =August 1, 2016 | website = | publisher =Reuters | access-date = August 8, 2016}}
123. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web | url =https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN10K1Z4 | title =Venezuela timeline for Maduro recall makes 2016 vote unlikely | last =Ellsworth | first =Brian | date =August 9, 2016 | website = | publisher =Reuters | access-date = August 9, 2016}}
124. ^1 2 {{cite web | url =https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-09/effort-to-oust-venezuela-s-maduro-derailed-as-recall-hindered | title =Effort to Oust Maduro Derailed as Venezuela Recall Hindered | last =Crooks | first =Nathan | date =August 9, 2016 | website = | publisher =Bloomberg | access-date = August 9, 2016}}
125. ^1 {{cite web | url =https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/09/21/world/americas/ap-lt-venezuela-recall-.html?_r=0 | title =Venezuela to Gather Signatures for Recall in Late October | date =September 21, 2016 | publisher =The New York Times - The Associated Press | access-date = September 21, 2016}}
126. ^{{cite web | url =http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/world/venezuela-electoral-authority-rules-out-maduro-2016-recall-vote/article/475413 | title =Venezuela electoral authority rules out Maduro 2016 recall vote | last = | first = | date =September 21, 2016 | website = | publisher =Digital Journal | access-date = September 21, 2016}}
127. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Mogollon|first1=Mery|last2=Kraul|first2=Chris|title=Anger grows as Venezuela blocks effort to recall president|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-venezuela-recall-tension-20161021-snap-story.html|accessdate=23 October 2016|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=21 October 2016}}
128. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Venezuela Suspends Recall Campaign Against President Maduro|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/10/20/venezuela-suspends-recall-campaign-against-president-maduro.html|accessdate=21 October 2016|work=Fox News|date=20 October 2016}}
129. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Buitrago|first1=Daisy|last2=Oré|first2=Diego|title=Maduro opponents march after Venezuela referendum sunk|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN12M0SY|accessdate=23 October 2016|work=Reuters|date=22 October 2016}}
130. ^{{cite web | url =https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-usa-idUSKCN10F1SZ | title =U.S. urges patience in Argentina, wants Venezuela recall vote this year | last =Bronstein | first =Hugh | date =August 4, 2016 | website = | publisher =Reuters | access-date = August 8, 2016}}
131. ^{{cite web | url =http://www.dw.com/en/oas-members-urge-recall-vote-on-venezuelas-president-maduro/a-19469345 | title =OAS members urge recall vote on Venezuela's President Maduro | last = | first = | date =August 12, 2016 | website =Reuters - Deutsche Welle | publisher = | access-date = August 16, 2016}}

External links

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6 : 2013 in Venezuela|2014 in Venezuela|2015 in Venezuela|2016 in Venezuela|Crisis in Venezuela|Politics of Venezuela
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