| 词条 | Presidential Emergency Facility |
| 释义 |
A Presidential Emergency Facility (PEF), also called Presidential Emergency Relocation Centers and VIP Evacuation and Support Facilities, is a fortified, working residence intended for use by the President of the United States should normal presidential residences, such as the White House or Camp David, be destroyed or overrun during war or other types of national emergencies. Some Presidential Emergency Facilities are specially designated sections of existing government and military installations, while others are dedicated sites that have been purpose-built. Various sources state there are, or were, between 9 and 75 such facilities. Quantity and locationIn his 1984 journalistic expose “The Day After World War III”, Edward Zuckerman states there were then nine Presidential Emergency Facilities within a 25-minute helicopter trip from Washington, D.C. According to Zuckerman, sites known to him at that time were code-named Cartwheel (at Fort Reno Park), Corkscrew, Cowpuncher, and Cannonball (Cross Mountain, Pennsylvania), though all have since been decommissioned.[1][2][3] The White House itself is known as Crown while the presidential compound at the High Point Special Facility is Crystal (sometimes referred to as Crystal Palace).[3] In a 2004 report to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) concerning Corkscrew, which at the time had been decommissioned as a PEF site and transferred to the FCC, historian David Rotenstein contended there were 75 PEFs “scattered throughout the United States”, a number also claimed by the Brookings Institution.[4][5] Design and staffingConstruction on Presidential Emergency Facilities began in the 1960s from classified, black budget government appropriations.[6] Purpose-built Presidential Emergency Facilities are silo-like structures constructed from reinforced concrete that sit atop an underground warren of bunkers and chambers designed to withstand a nuclear explosion.[4] One of the few descriptions of a Presidential Emergency Facility observed while still in operation was provided by U.S. Coast Guard Captain Alex R. Larzelere, a former White House military aide, who visited one such site in 1968.[9] {{cquote|… we drove out of Washington for three hours or more. When we turned off the main road we drove through heavily wooded and hilly terrain. [Commander John] Clearwater left the paved road and went up a dirt road. We finally came to a structure, painted forest green to blend in with the trees. The rustic appearance of the outside of the facility and the unimproved condition of the forested land attracted little attention. Most of the facility was below ground.}}Larzelere went on to describe the subterranean interior of the site, noting there were quarters for the President and his staff with beds kept ready for immediate use with fresh linens, communications facilities, and stores stocked with emergency rations, medicine, and other supplies to sustain several people for a prolonged period.[7] Bill Gulley, a former U.S. Marine assigned to the White House Military Office, reported in 1980 that PEFs were all "manned twenty-fours a day".[8][9] See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Zuckerman|first1=Edward|title=The Day After World War Iii|date=1984|publisher=Viking Press|isbn=0670258806}} {{Official Government residences in North America and the Caribbean}}{{Portal bar|Government of the United States|United States}}2. ^{{cite news|last1=Richey|first1=Warren|title=The 'Strangelovian' world of civil defense planning|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0806/080611.html|accessdate=10 March 2016|work=Christian Science Monitor|date=6 August 1984}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Cheney|first1=Dick|title=In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir|date=2012|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=1439176221|page=1}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Rotenstein|first1=David|title=FCC Historic Preservation Policies & Visual Impacts to Historic Properties WT Docket No. 03-128|date=April 2004|url=http://apps.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view;jsessionid=XZJLTZ5Jk9Vf1D8JnkLBMHp9mTYxpJXnRy8nvfQ3hLt4lsLF2Mpl!-448120223!-58662085?id=6516088702|accessdate=10 March 2016}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=50 Facts About U.S. Nuclear Weapons|url=http://www.brookings.edu/about/projects/archive/nucweapons/50|website=brookings.edu|publisher=Brookings Institution|accessdate=10 March 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313163740/http://www.brookings.edu/about/projects/archive/nucweapons/50|archivedate=13 March 2016|df=}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Krugler|title=This is only a Test: How Washington D.C. Prepared for Nuclear War|date=2006|publisher=Springer|page=183|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfPIAAAAQBAJ}} 7. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Larzelere|first1=Alex|title=Witness To History: White House Diary of a Military Aide to President Richard Nixon|date=2009|isbn=1449046614}} 8. ^{{cite news|last1=Sherill|first1=Robert|title=Snitching On the Chief Executive|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1980/07/27/snitching-on-the-chief-executive-breaking-cover-by-bill-gulley-with-mary-ellen-reese-simon-and-schuster-288-pp-1195/0f364e17-c15f-4859-a60f-7ba9302adc05/|accessdate=10 March 2016|work=Washington Post|date=27 July 1980}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Gulley|first1=Bill|title=Breaking Cover|date=1980|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=0671245481}} 4 : Nuclear warfare|United States nuclear command and control|Disaster preparedness in the United States|Continuity of government in the United States |
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