请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Proto-Kam–Sui language
释义

  1. Reconstructions

  2. History

  3. Lexicon

  4. References

The Proto-Kam–Sui language is the reconstructed ancestor of the Kam–Sui languages.

Reconstructions

A preliminary of reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui had been undertaken by Graham Thurgood (1988).[1]

Another reconstruction of Proto-Kam-Sui, mostly based on Thurgood's reconstruction, was accomplished by Ilia Peiros as part of his reconstruction of Tai-Kadai, which was done without taking the Kra languages into account.[2]

A new reconstruction of Proto-Kam-Sui is currently being undertaken by Peter Norquest.[3]

History

Liang & Zhang (1996)[4] consider western Guangdong to be the original homeland of Proto-Kam-Sui. According to Liang & Zhang (1996:25-29), based on evidence from Chinese written historical records, Kam-Sui languages were originally spoken in western Guangdong, but Kam-Sui peoples later started to migrate out of Guangdong during the Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty (from the years 600-800). Sui and Maonan migrations were completed by the Song Dynasty, around the years 1000-1100, while the Lakkia migrated to their current location in Guangxi from Huaiji County and Fengkai County, Guangdong during the beginning of the Ming Dynasty (years 1300-1400).[4]

Lexicon

Thurgood's (1988: 209-218) reconstructed Proto-Kam-Sui forms are listed below.

{{refbegin|3}}
  • hwa꞉t7 'angry'
  • hna꞉n5 'angry'
  • ta꞉p7 'to answer'
  • mwit8 'ant'
  • la꞉k8 'arm'
  • k-xi꞉n1 'arm'
  • khja꞉k7 'armpit'
  • taŋ1 'arrive, reach'
  • cha5 'ascend'
  • phwu꞉k7 'ashes'
  • phla꞉u5 'ashes'
  • pa3 'aunt'
  • hla꞉i1 'back(bone)'
  • lun2 'back, behind'
  • hwa꞉i6 'bad, cruel'
  • thruk7 'bamboo strip'
  • xwan1 'bamboo'
  • pwaŋ5 'bank, shore'
  • khrau5 'to bark'
  • ɗuŋ3 'basket, winnowing'
  • ʔa꞉p7 'bathe'
  • ʔmu꞉i1 'bear'
  • m-lu꞉t8 'beard'
  • hȵiŋ1 'bedbug'
  • mit8 'bee'
  • da꞉ŋ2 'bee'
  • ʔdlu1 'bee, wasp'
  • te3 'below'
  • mluk8 'bird'
  • krip7 'bite; chew'
  • kam1 'bitter'
  • ʔnam1 'black'
  • ɓu꞉t7 'blind'
  • phla꞉t7 'blood'
  • hwa꞉t7 'blow (wind)'
  • dzup8 'to blow'
  • thrun1 'body'
  • tla꞉k7 'bone'
  • cam3 'bow, bend'
  • du꞉i4 'bowl, cup'
  • ʔŋa5 'branch'
  • ciŋ5 'branch'
  • pra꞉k7 'break, tear'
  • kra꞉ŋ1 'bright'
  • ɣwa꞉i4 'brother, older'
  • dzu꞉k8 'to bundle'
  • hmuk7 'bury'
  • trai3 'to buy'
  • ka꞉t7 'cabbage'
  • la꞉p8 'candle'
  • ʔma5 'carry on back'
  • kjap7 'catch, grasp'
  • ka꞉m1 'cave'
  • khryap7 'centipede'
  • tak7 'chest (body)'
  • hma꞉k7 'to chew'
  • hna꞉i5 'to chew'
  • ka꞉i5 'chicken'
  • hŋla꞉ŋ5 'young chicken'
  • hma꞉k7 'to chop'
  • pram3 'to chop'
  • khlap7 'close (eyes)'
  • m-xwa3 'cloud'
  • hnu1 'cold'
  • paŋ1 'collapse'
  • hma1 'come; return'
  • kja꞉p7' 'to connect'
  • duŋ2 'copper'
  • ȵai6' 'count'
  • hra꞉ŋ5 'a cover'
  • khru꞉i1 'cowry (money), shell(fish)'
  • hla꞉i5 'to crawl'
  • da6 'cross, pass'
  • ka1 'a crow'
  • kat7 'to cut'
  • ka꞉t7 'to cut'
  • hŋwan1 'day'
  • ɗak7 'deaf'
  • ʔyam1 'deep'
  • hlu꞉i5 'descend'
  • la꞉i4 'devil, ghost'
  • pjai1 'to die'
  • di6 'dirt, earth'
  • ɓja5 'disgusted'
  • k-hma1 'dog'
  • tu1 'door'
  • gwau2 'dove'
  • tak7 'draw water'
  • te3 'draw water'
  • pwjan1 'dream'
  • trwap7 'to drink'
  • tuk7 'drop, fall'
  • tuk7 'drop, fall'
  • dip8 'dull'
  • mpra꞉ŋ1 'ear of grain'
  • khra1 'ear'
  • khjam1 'early'
  • ca꞉n1 'eat'
  • krai5 'egg'
  • pja꞉t7 'eight'
  • phe1 'end, tip'
  • ʔȵam5 'evening'
  • hlik7 'exchange'
  • ke4 'excrement'
  • mpiŋ1 'expensive'
  • ɗap7 'extinguish'
  • thla1 'eye'
  • ʔna3 'face, in front'
  • lai4 'to fall'
  • kla꞉i1 'far'
  • tut7 'fart'
  • gja꞉ŋ4 'feed, raise'
  • tra꞉i5 'dry field'
  • ʔra5 'paddy field'
  • ʔdlyap7? 'fingernail'
  • pwai1 'fire'
  • ku꞉n5 'first'
  • mlit8 'fish (loach)'
  • mprai3 'fish'
  • pa1 'fish'
  • mum6 'fish'
  • ŋu4 'five'
  • k-hmat7 'flea'
  • na꞉n4 'flesh, meat'
  • nuk7'' 'flower'
  • muk8 'fog'
  • pra꞉k7 'forehead'
  • ɗuŋ1 'forest'
  • la꞉m2 'to forget'
  • kup7 'field frog'
  • k-wai3 'small frog'
  • ti꞉k7 'full'
  • ɗai3 'to get, gain'
  • ʔȵa꞉k7 'gills'
  • khja꞉i1 'to give'
  • ʔu꞉k7 'to go out, out'
  • pa꞉i1 'to go, walk'
  • mwa꞉ŋ1 'god, ghost'
  • ɗa꞉i1 'good'
  • gju4 'granary'
  • khla꞉n1 'grandchild'
  • thrak7 'grasshopper'
  • pram1 'hair, head'
  • k-mja1 'hand'
  • kra3 'hard'
  • pram1 'to hatch'
  • ʔnaŋ1 'to have'
  • me2 'to have'
  • kru3 'head'
  • dai2 'to hit'
  • ʔŋam1 'to hold in mouth'
  • ʔu꞉m3 'hold (child)'
  • ȵam1 'to hold'
  • hŋu꞉m3 'to hold'
  • m-kwa꞉u1 'horn'
  • ma4 'horse'
  • hra꞉n1 'house'
  • ɓja꞉k7 'hungry'
  • ʔre1 'husband'
  • mpa꞉k7 'insane'
  • ȵak8 'to insert'
  • tsha꞉p7 'to insert'
  • khja꞉i3 'intestine'
  • khlit7 'iron'
  • da꞉p8 'to kick'
  • gruk8 'to kneel'
  • mi꞉t8 'knife'
  • mbra4 'knife, sword'
  • khwe1 'late'
  • kru1 'to laugh'
  • khlut7 'lazy'
  • la꞉n4 'lazy'
  • pwa5 'leaf'
  • ʔniŋ3 'to lean'
  • mpliŋ1 'leech'
  • kla1 'left over'
  • kwa1 'leg'
  • ti꞉n1 'leg, foot'
  • lja2? 'lick'
  • lja꞉m5? 'lick'
  • ɓau1 'light, to float'
  • ʔdla꞉p7 'lightning'
  • maŋ4 'to like'
  • tap7 'liver'
  • ʔra꞉i3 'long'
  • kra꞉k7 'loom'
  • tuk7 'to lose, misplace'
  • nan1'' 'louse'
  • mprai1 'louse, chicken'
  • mprum1 'to love (child)'
  • thram5 'low'
  • ʔnu꞉n1 'maggot'
  • mpa꞉n1 'male (person)'
  • ʔme1 'mark'
  • hle1 'mark'
  • mpra꞉ŋ1 'mat (straw)'
  • ŋe2 'meal, early'
  • mbrau2 'meal, late'
  • gja2 'medicine, to cure'
  • ta5 'middle'
  • mu꞉n6 'monkey'
  • nüa꞉n1'' 'moon, month'
  • hjit7 'morning'
  • pa꞉k7 'mouth'
  • mu꞉k8 'mucus'
  • khlum5 'mud, dirt'
  • na꞉m5 'mud, dirt'
  • hŋla1 'mushroom'
  • ta꞉k7 'to nail'
  • ɓlwa1 'navel'
  • phlai5 'near'
  • ke1 'net (to cast)'
  • hmai5 'new'
  • ʔnaŋ1 'nose, face'
  • man2 'oil'
  • ka꞉u5 'old (things)'
  • ke5 'old (vegetables)'
  • ɓja꞉n3 'otter, beaver'
  • cha꞉t7 'otter, beaver'
  • ʔŋlu꞉k7 'outside'
  • phwa3 'palm (hand)'
  • lin6 'pangolin'
  • la꞉k8 'person, child'
  • kja꞉k7 'pestle'
  • cup7 'to pick up'
  • ɓit7 'to pick (flowers)'
  • la꞉i6 'to pick, select'
  • k-hmu5 'pig'
  • ʔdla꞉i5 'wild pig'
  • dap8 'to pile'
  • ʔla꞉u1 'pillar'
  • li꞉n2 'pipe, water'
  • ljum2 'to plant'
  • mpra1 'to plant'
  • ʔdram1 'to transplant'
  • pwak7 'pod, sheath'
  • hŋla꞉n1 'shoulder pole'
  • ʔmi꞉n3 'porcupine, wild pig'
  • ʔdla꞉k7 'to pull'
  • zuk8 'pus'
  • kat7 'to put'
  • na꞉ŋ1 'raft, bamboo'
  • xwin1 'to rain'
  • hnu3 'rat, mouse'
  • ɗip7 'raw, live'
  • duk8 'to read'
  • hwa1 'right side'
  • zuk8 'ripe, cooked'
  • hma3 'to rise (river)'
  • ʔnja1 'river'
  • pra1 'rock, cliff'
  • kja꞉ŋ1 'root'
  • ʔla꞉k7 'rope'
  • la꞉n6 'to rot'
  • na꞉u6 'rotten'
  • krin5 'scales'
  • khja꞉n5 'to scare'
  • tak7 'to scoop'
  • ʔlun1 'to see'
  • ɗai3 'to see'
  • pwan1 'seed'
  • kla3 'rice seedling'
  • kwe1 'to sell'
  • ʔŋra1 'sesame'
  • tau1 'shadow'
  • ŋa꞉u2 'to shake'
  • m-hli꞉n5? 'shallow'
  • hra꞉i5 'be sharp'
  • gwan2 'to sharpen'
  • khjam1 'sharpened, pointed'
  • ɗau5 'spiral shell'
  • thrin3 'short'
  • pjau5 'shuttle'
  • nu4 'younger sibling'
  • ʔram1 'to sink'
  • dzu꞉i6 'to sit'
  • ljuk8 'six'
  • hŋra1 'skin'
  • ʔrwum1? 'skinny, lean'
  • ɓun1 'sky'
  • nu꞉n2 'to sleep'
  • nun4 'to smell'
  • dzu꞉i2 'snake'
  • ʔnu꞉i1 'snow'
  • hma5 'soak, pickle'
  • ma꞉t8 'socks'
  • ʔma3 'soft'
  • khjum3 'sour'
  • tlja꞉i3? 'sparrow'
  • m-hlja꞉n5 'spicy (hot)'
  • pha5 'to split'
  • hma꞉k7 'to split'
  • ŋa2 'sprout, a'
  • khlak7 'stake, post'
  • ʔdra꞉u1 'star'
  • hmlut7 'star'
  • ŋja꞉u6 'to stay, live'
  • hljak7 'to steal'
  • luŋ2 'stomach'
  • mpwa꞉ŋ1 'straw'
  • kru꞉i3 'stream'
  • kjak7 'to stuff'
  • hwit7' 'to stuff'
  • ʔu꞉i3 'sugar cane'
  • ʔi꞉n5 'a swallow'
  • phjit7? 'to sweep'
  • khwa꞉n1 'sweet'
  • khjut7 'tail'
  • ʔa꞉u1 'to take'
  • ɓra꞉k7 'taro'
  • ʔna1 'thick'
  • ʔnak7 'thick, viscous'
  • ɓwa꞉ŋ1 'thin'
  • na꞉i6 'this'
  • ti꞉n3 'thunder'
  • lai6 'thunder'
  • pra3 'thunder, lightning'
  • mum4 'tiger'
  • khwe3 'tired'
  • ʔni5 'tired'
  • ma2 'tongue'
  • pjwan1 'tooth'
  • hȵa5 'trace, dregs'
  • mai4 'tree, wood'
  • kja꞉t7 'to twist'
  • hra1 'two'
  • ta1 'uncle'
  • kam3 'upside down'
  • juŋ6 'to use'
  • ʔma1 'vegetable'
  • hru꞉i1 'vestige'
  • ɓa꞉n3 'village'
  • trwak7 'to vomit'
  • kra3 'to wait'
  • cha꞉m3 'to walk, crawl'
  • a꞉u1 'to want'
  • ʔlak7 'to wash clothes'
  • zu꞉k 'to wash hands'
  • ȵam3 'water'
  • tra꞉u1 'we (incl.)'
  • tan3 'to wear'
  • tam3 'to weave'
  • kja꞉n1 'to weave, plait'
  • ne1'' 'to weed'
  • ʔȵe3 'to weep, cry'
  • ɓun5 'well, spring'
  • ɓu5 'well, spring'
  • thlam1 'well, pond, pool'
  • ʔrak7 'wet'
  • hlwum1 'wind'
  • khla꞉u3 'rice wine'
  • pwa5 'wing'
  • ɓja꞉k7 'woman, girl'
  • trit7 '(fire)wood'
  • dzan4 'worm'
  • tu꞉k7 'to wrap, bundle'
  • ɓju꞉t7? 'to wring towel'
  • kja꞉t7 'to write'
  • man2 'yam'
  • mpe1 'year'
  • ɓja꞉k7 'woman, girl'
  • trit7 '(fire)wood'
  • dzan4 'worm'
  • tu꞉k7 'to wrap, bundle'
  • ɓju꞉t7? 'to wring towel'
  • kja꞉t7 'to write'
  • man2 'yam'
  • mpe1 'year'
{{refend}}

References

1. ^Thurgood, Graham. 1988. "Notes on the reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.), Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai, 179-218. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
2. ^Peiros, Ilia, 1998. "Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia", Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
3. ^[https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1461492 Reconstructing Language Change and Variation]
4. ^1 Liang Min 梁敏 & Zhang Junru 张均如. 1996. Dongtai yuzu gailun 侗台语族概论 / An introduction to the Kam–Tai languages. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社. {{ISBN|9787500416814}}
{{Tai-Kadai languages}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Proto-Kam-Sui language}}

2 : Kam–Sui languages|Proto-languages
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/20 10:38:28