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词条 Proxima Centauri b
释义

  1. Physical characteristics

     Mass, radius, and temperature  Host star  Orbit 

  2. Habitability

  3. View from Proxima Centauri b

  4. Formation

  5. Discovery

  6. Future observations

     2069 Alpha Centauri mission 

  7. Gallery

     Videos 

  8. See also

  9. Notes

  10. References

  11. Further reading

  12. External links

{{good article}}{{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=August 2016}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}{{Infobox planet
| name = Proxima Centauri b
| image = Artist’s impression of Proxima Centauri b shown hypothetically as an arid rocky super-earth.jpg
| caption = Artist's conception of Proxima Centauri b as a rocky-like exoplanet, with Proxima Centauri and the Alpha Centauri binary system in the background. The actual appearance of the planet is unknown.
| discoverer = Anglada-Escudé (ca) et al.
| discovery_site = European Southern Observatory
| discovered = 24 August 2016
| discovery_method = Doppler spectroscopy
| apsis = astron
| semimajor = {{val|0.0485|0.0041|0.0051}} AU
| eccentricity = <0.35[1]
| period = {{val|11.186|0.001|0.002}}[1] d
| arg_peri = 310 (± 50)[1]
| semi-amplitude = 1.38 (± 0.21)[1]
| star = Proxima Centauri
| mean_radius = 0.8–1.5 [2] {{Earth radius|link=y}}
| single_temperature = {{convert|234|K|C F}}
}}

Proxima Centauri b (also called Proxima b[3][4] or Alpha Centauri Cb) is an exoplanet orbiting in the habitable zone of the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, which is the closest star to the Sun and part of a triple star system.[5][6] It is located about 4.2 light-years (1.3 parsecs, 40 trillion km, or 25 trillion miles) from Earth in the constellation of Centaurus, making it the closest known exoplanet to the Solar System.

Proxima Centauri b orbits the star at a distance of roughly {{convert |0.05|AU|abbr=on}} with an orbital period of approximately 11.2 Earth days, and has an estimated mass of at least 1.3 times that of the Earth. Its habitability has not been established, though it is unlikely to be habitable since the planet is subject to stellar wind pressures of more than 2,000 times those experienced by Earth from the solar wind.[10][7][8]

The discovery of the planet was announced in August 2016 by the European Southern Observatory.[1][5] The planet was found using the radial velocity method, where periodic Doppler shifts of spectral lines of the host star suggest an orbiting object. From these readings, the radial velocity of the parent star relative to the Earth is varying with an amplitude of about 1.4 metres (4.5 feet) per second.[1] According to Guillem Anglada‐Escudé, its proximity to Earth offers an opportunity for robotic exploration of the planet with the Starshot project[5][6] or, at least, "in the coming centuries".[6]

Without the inclination of its orbit known, the exact mass of Proxima Centauri b is unknown. If its orbit is nearly edge-on, it would have a mass of {{val|1.27|0.19|0.17}} Earth masses. Statistically, there is a roughly 90% chance that the planet's mass is less than {{val|8.1|1.2|1.0}} Earth masses.

Physical characteristics

Mass, radius, and temperature

The apparent inclination of Proxima Centauri b's orbit has not yet been measured. The minimum mass of Proxima b is {{Earth mass|1.27|link=y}}, which would be the actual mass if its orbit were seen edge on from the Earth.[1] Once its orbital inclination is known, the mass will be calculable. More tilted orientations imply a higher mass, with 90% of possible orientations implying a mass below {{Earth mass|3}}.[9] The planet's exact radius is unknown. If it has a rocky composition and a density equal to that of the Earth, then its radius is at least {{Earth radius|1.1|link=y}}. It could be larger if it has a lower density than the Earth, or a mass higher than the minimum mass.[10] Like many super-Earth sized planets, Proxima Centauri b could have an icy composition like Neptune, with a thick layer of hydrogen on its surface; the likelihood that this is the case has been calculated to be greater than 10%.[2] The planet has an equilibrium temperature of {{convert|234|K|C F}}.[1]

Host star

The planet orbits an M-type red dwarf named Proxima Centauri. The star has a mass of {{solar mass|0.12|link=y}} and a radius of {{solar radius|0.14|link=y}}.[1] It has a surface temperature of 3042 K{{hsp}}[11] and is 4.85 billion years old.[12] In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old{{hsp}}[13] and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.[14] Proxima Centauri rotates once roughly every 83 days,[29] and has a luminosity about {{solar luminosity|0.0015|link=y}}.[1] Like the two larger stars in the triple star system, Proxima Centauri is rich in metals compared with the Sun, something not normally found in low-mass stars like Proxima. Its metallicity ([Fe/H]) is 0.21, or 1.62 times the amount found in the Sun's atmosphere.[15][16]

Even though Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Sun, it is not visible to the unaided eye from Earth because of its low luminosity (average apparent magnitude of 11.13[17]).

Proxima Centauri is a flare star.[18] This means that it undergoes occasional dramatic increases in brightness and high-energy emissions because of magnetic activity that would create large solar storms. On 18 March 2016 a superflare was observed with an energy of 10^33.5 erg.[19] The surface irradiation was estimated to be 100 times what is required to kill even UV-hardy microorganisms. Based on the rate of observed flares, total ozone depletion of an Earth-like atmosphere would occur within several hundred thousand years.

Orbit

Proxima Centauri b orbits its host star every 11.186 days at a semi-major axis distance of approximately {{convert|0.05|AU|sigfig=1|lk=in}}, which means the distance from the exoplanet to its host star is one-twentieth of the distance from the Earth to the Sun.[1] Comparatively, Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun, has a semi-major axis distance of 0.39 AU. Proxima Centauri b receives about 65% of the amount of radiative flux from its host star that the Earth receives from the Sun – for comparison Mars receives about 43%. Most of the radiative flux from Proxima Centauri is in the infrared spectrum. In the visible spectrum the exoplanet receives only ~3% of the PAR (400–700 nm) of Earth irradiance – for comparison Jupiter receives 3.7% and Saturn 1.1%.[20] So it would usually not get much brighter than twilight anywhere on Proxima Centauri b's surface. The maximum illumination of horizontal ground by twilight at sunrise is about 400 lux,[21] while the illumination of Proxima b is about 2700 lux with quiet Proxima. Also, Proxima has flares. The brightest flare observed till 2016 had increased the visual brightness of Proxima about 8 times, which would be a large change from the previous level but, at about 17% the illumination of Earth, not very strong sunlight. [22] However, because of its tight orbit, Proxima Centauri b receives about 400 times more X-ray radiation than the Earth does.[1] According to a yet-to-be-published article, a March 2016 flare reached about 68 times usual level, thus a little brighter than the Sun.[23]

Habitability

{{see also|Habitability of red dwarf systems}}

The habitability of Proxima Centauri b has not been established,[10][7] since the planet is subject to stellar wind pressures of more than 2,000 times those experienced by Earth from the solar wind.[24][25] This radiation and the stellar winds would likely blow any atmosphere away, leaving the undersurface as the only potentially habitable location on that planet.[26]

The exoplanet is orbiting within the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri, the region where, with the correct planetary conditions and atmospheric properties, liquid water may exist on the surface of the planet. The host star, with about an eighth of the mass of the Sun, has a habitable zone between ∼0.0423–0.0816 AU.[1] In October 2016, researchers at France's CNRS research institute stated that there is a considerable chance of the planet harboring surface oceans and having a thin atmosphere.[27] However, unless the planet transits in front of its star from the perspective of Earth, it is difficult to test these hypotheses.

Even though Proxima Centauri b is in the habitable zone, the planet's habitability has been questioned because of several potentially hazardous physical conditions. The exoplanet is close enough to its host star that it might be tidally locked.[49] In this case, it is expected that any habitable areas would be confined to the border region between the two extreme sides, generally referred to as the terminator line, since it is only here that temperatures might be suitable for liquid water to exist.[28] If the planet's orbital eccentricity is 0, this could result in synchronous rotation, with one hot side permanently facing towards the star, while the opposite side is in permanent darkness and freezing cold.[29][30] However, Proxima Centauri b's orbital eccentricity is not known with certainty, only that it is below 0.35—potentially high enough for it to have a significant chance of being captured into a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance similar to that of Mercury, where Proxima b would rotate around its axis approximately every 7.5 Earth days with about 22.4 Earth days elapsing between one sunrise and the next.[8][31][55] Resonances as high as 2:1 are also possible.[8][55] Another problem is that the flares released by Proxima Centauri could have eroded the atmosphere of the exoplanet. However, according to The Exoplanets Channel, if Proxima b had a strong magnetic field, the flare activity of its parent star would not be a problem.[32]{{Better source|reason=Basically this a self-published source. |date=January 2019}}

The European Southern Observatory estimates that if water and an atmosphere are present, a far more hospitable environment would result. Assuming an atmospheric N2 pressure of 1 bar and ∼0.01 bar of CO2, in a world including oceans with average temperatures similar to those on Earth, a wide equatorial belt (non-synchronous rotation), or the majority of the sunlit side (synchronous rotation), would be permanently ice-free.[33][55] A large portion of the planet may be habitable if it has an atmosphere thick enough to transfer heat to the side facing away from the star.[28] If it has an atmosphere, simulations suggest that the planet could have lost about as much as the amount of water that Earth has due to the early irradiation in the first 100–200 million years after the planet's formation. Liquid water may be present only in the sunniest regions of the planet's surface in pools either in an area in the hemisphere of the planet facing the star or—if the planet is in a 3:2 resonance rotation—diurnally in the equatorial belt.[8][34] All in all, astrophysicists consider the ability of Proxima Centauri b to retain water from its formation as the most crucial point in evaluating the planet's present habitability.[35] The planet may be within reach of telescopes and techniques that could reveal more about its composition and atmosphere, if it has any.[24]

View from Proxima Centauri b

Viewed from near the Alpha Centauri system, the sky would appear much as it does for an observer on Earth, except that Centaurus would be missing its brightest star. The Sun would be a yellow star of an apparent magnitude of +0.5 in eastern Cassiopeia, at the antipodal point of Alpha Centauri's current right ascension and declination, at {{RA|02|39|35}} {{DEC|+60|50}} (2000). This place is close to the 3.4-magnitude star ε Cassiopeiae. Because of the placement of the Sun, an interstellar or alien observer would find the \\/\\/ of Cassiopeia had become a /\\/\\/ shape[36] nearly in front of the Heart Nebula in Cassiopeia. Sirius lies less than a degree from Betelgeuse in the otherwise unmodified Orion and with a magnitude of −1.2 is a little fainter than from Earth but still the brightest star in the Alpha Centauri sky. Procyon is also displaced into the middle of Gemini, outshining Pollux, whereas both Vega and Altair are shifted northwestward relative to Deneb (which barely moves, due to its great distance), giving the Summer Triangle a more equilateral appearance.

From Proxima Centauri b, Alpha Centauri AB would appear like two close bright stars with the combined apparent magnitude of −6.8. Depending on the binary's orbital position, the bright stars would appear noticeably divisible to the naked eye, or occasionally, but briefly, as a single unresolved star. Based on the calculated absolute magnitudes, the apparent magnitudes of Alpha Centauri A and B would be −6.5 and −5.2, respectively.[37]

Formation

It is unlikely that Proxima Centauri b originally formed in its current orbit since disk models for small stars like Proxima Centauri would contain less than one {{Earth mass|Earth mass}} of matter within the central one AU at the time of their formation. This implies that either Proxima Centauri b was formed elsewhere in a manner still to be determined, or the current disc models for stellar formation are in need of revision.[1]

Discovery

The first indications of the exoplanet were found in 2013 by Mikko Tuomi of the University of Hertfordshire from archival observation data.[38][39] To confirm the possible discovery, the European Southern Observatory launched the Pale Red Dot[40] project in January 2016.[41] On 24 August 2016 the team of 31 scientists from all around the world,[42] led by Guillem Anglada-Escudé of Queen Mary University of London, confirmed the existence of Proxima Centauri b[12] through their research, published in a peer-reviewed article in Nature.[43][1][44][45][46][47]

The measurements were done using two spectrographs, HARPS on the ESO 3.6 m Telescope at La Silla Observatory and UVES on the 8-metre Very Large Telescope.[1] The peak radial velocity of the host star combined with the orbital period allowed for the minimum mass of the exoplanet to be calculated. The chance of a false positive detection is less than one in ten million.[38]

Observational complications of the system still leave theoretical room for additional large planets to orbit Proxima Centauri. Calculations suggest that another super-Earth planet around the star cannot be ruled out and that its presence would not destabilize the orbit of Proxima Centauri b.[1]

Future observations

A team of scientists think they can image Proxima Centauri b and probe the planet's atmosphere for signs of oxygen, water vapor, and methane, combining ESPRESSO and SPHERE on the VLT.[49] The James Webb Space Telescope may be able to characterize the atmosphere of Proxima Centauri b,[50] but there is no conclusive evidence for transits combining MOST and HATSouth photometry, giving it less than a 1 percent chance of being a transiting planet.[51] Future telescopes (the Extremely Large Telescope, the Giant Magellan Telescope, and the Thirty Meter Telescope) could have the capability to characterize Proxima Centauri b.

The discovery of Proxima b was significant to Breakthrough Starshot, a proof of concept project aiming to send a fleet of miniature probes to the Alpha Centauri system.[52] The project is led by research company Breakthrough Initiatives, and plans to develop and launch a fleet of miniature unmanned spacecraft called StarChips,[53] which could travel at up to 20% of the speed of light,[54][55] arriving at the system in roughly 20 years with notification reaching Earth a little over 4 years later.[5]

2069 Alpha Centauri mission

{{see also|2069 Alpha Centauri mission}}

In 2017, Breakthrough Initiatives and the European Southern Observatory (ESO) entered a collaboration to enable and implement a search for habitable planets in the nearby star system, Alpha Centauri. The agreement involves Breakthrough Initiatives providing funding for an upgrade to the VISIR (VLT Imager and Spectrometer for mid-Infrared) instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile.[48]

Gallery

{{Gallery |align=center |width=150
|File:The motion of Proxima Centauri in 2016, revealing the fingerprints of a planet.jpg|{{small|
Velocity of Proxima Centauri towards and away from the Earth as measured with the HARPS spectrograph during the first three months of 2016. The red symbols with black error bars represent data points, and the blue curve is a fit of the data. The amplitude and period of the motion were used to estimate the planet's minimum mass.
}}
|File:Angular apparent size comparison.tif|{{small|
An angular size comparison of how Proxima will appear in the sky seen from Proxima b, compared with how the Sun appears in our sky on Earth. Proxima is much smaller than the Sun, but Proxima b is very close to its star.
}}
|File:Relative Sizes of the Alpha Centauri Components and other Objects (artist’s impression).tif|{{small|
The relative sizes of a number of objects, including the three stars of the Alpha Centauri triple system and some other stars for which the angular sizes have also been measured. The Sun and Jupiter are also shown for comparison.
}}
|File:Proxima Centauri in the southern constellation of Centaurus.tif|{{small|
This chart shows the large southern constellation of Centaurus (the Centaur) and shows most of the stars visible with the naked eye on a clear dark night. The location of the closest star to the Solar System, Proxima Centauri, is marked with a red circle. Proxima Centauri is too faint to see with the unaided eye but can be found using a small telescope.
}}
|File:The location of Proxima Centauri in the southern skies.tif|{{small|
This picture combines a view of the southern skies over the ESO 3.6-metre telescope at the La Silla Observatory in Chile with images of the stars Proxima Centauri (lower-right) and the double star Alpha Centauri AB (lower-left) from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Solar System and is orbited by the planet Proxima b.
}}
}}

Videos

{{Gallery |align=center |width=150
|File:Numerical simulation of possible surface temperatures on Proxima b (3 2 resonance).ogg|{{small|
A numerical simulation of possible surface temperatures on Proxima b performed with the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique's Planetary Global Climate Model. Here it is hypothesised that the planet possesses an Earth-like atmosphere and that it is covered by an ocean (the dashed line is the frontier between the liquid and icy oceanic surface). Two models were produced for the planet's rotation. Here the planet is in a so-called 3:2 resonance (a natural frequency for the orbit), and is seen as a distant observer would do during one full orbit.
}}
|File:Numerical simulation of possible surface temperatures on Proxima b (synchronous rotation).ogg|{{small|
A numerical simulation of possible surface temperatures. Here it is hypothesised that the planet possesses an Earth-like atmosphere and that it is covered by an ocean (the dashed line is the frontier between the liquid and icy oceanic surface). Here the planet is in synchronous rotation (like the Moon around the Earth), and is seen as a distant observer would do during one full orbit.
}}
|File:Proxima Centauri b.webm|Proxima b
}}

See also

{{portal|Astronomy|Space}}
  • Astrobiology
  • Breakthrough Starshot
  • Exoplanetology
  • List of potentially habitable exoplanets
  • Colossus Telescope
  • Alpha Centauri Bb – exoplanet once proposed to be orbiting the secondary star of the system, Alpha Centauri B, and was dubbed the closest exoplanet for a while before being disproven
  • Alpha Centauri
  • Proxima Centauri

Notes

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 {{cite journal|last1=Anglada-Escudé|first1= G.| last2= Amado|first2=P. J.|last3=Barnes|first3= J.|last4= Berdiñas| first4= Z. M.|last5=Butler|first5=R. P.|last6=Coleman|first6= G. A. L.|last7=de la Cueva| first7 =I.|last8= Dreizler|first8=S.|last9= Endl|first9= M.|last10= Giesers|first10= B.|last11=Jeffers|first11=S. V.|last12=Jenkins|first12= J. S.|last13=Jones|first13=H. R. A.|last14=Kiraga|first14= M.|last15= Kürster|first15=M.|last16=López-González| first16= M. J.|last17= Marvin|first17= C. J.|last18=Morales|first18= N.|last19= Morin|first19=J.|last20= Nelson|first20=R. P.|last21=Ortiz|first21=J. L.|last22= Ofir|first22= A.| last23= Paardekooper|first23=S.-J.|last24=Reiners|first24= A.|last25= Rodríguez|first25= E.|last26=Rodrίguez-López|first26= C.|last27= Sarmiento| first27= L. F.|last28=Strachan|first28=J. P.|last29=Tsapras|first29= Y.| last30=Tuomi|first30=M.|last31=Zechmeister|first31=M.|title=A terrestrial planet candidate in a temperate orbit around Proxima Centauri|journal=Nature|date=25 August 2016|volume=536|issue=7617|pages=437–440|doi=10.1038/nature19106|url=http://www.eso.org/public/archives/releases/sciencepapers/eso1629/eso1629a.pdf|language= en|issn= 0028-0836|bibcode= 2016Natur.536..437A| pmid=27558064|arxiv = 1609.03449 }}
2. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Bixel|first1= A.| last2= Apai|first2=D. |title=Probabilistic Constraints on the Mass and Composition of Proxima b|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters|date=21 February 2017|volume=836|issue= 2|pages=L31|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aa5f51|url=http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/aa5f51/meta|language= en|issn= 2041-8205|bibcode=2017ApJ...836L..31W}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2016/08/24/earth-like-planet-discovered-orig-nws.cnn?adkey=bn|publisher=CNN|date=24 August 2016|title=Earth-like planet discovered orbiting sun's neighbor|accessdate=24 August 2016|quote=A planet named Proxima b has been discovered orbiting the closest star to our sun.}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/24/earth-like-planet-found-orbiting-our-suns-nearest-star-raises-hopes-for-life-proxima-b|title=Discovery of potentially Earth-like planet Proxima b raises hopes for life|work=The Guardian|last=Davis|first=Nicola|date=24 August 2016|accessdate=24 August 2016}}
5. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=One Star Over, a Planet That Might Be Another Earth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/25/science/earth-planet-proxima-centauri.html |date=24 August 2016 |work=New York Times |accessdate=24 August 2016 }}
6. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/24/health/proxima-b-centauri-rocky-planet-habitable-zone-neighbor-star/|title=Closest potentially habitable planet to our solar system found|last=Strickland|first=Ashley|date=24 August 2016|website=CNN Health|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}
7. ^1 {{cite news |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-37167390 |title=Neighbouring star Proxima Centauri has Earth-sized planet |work=BBC News |date=24 August 2016 |accessdate=25 August 2016 |quote=Just how "habitable" this particular planet really is, one has to say is pure speculation for the time being. }}
8. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |title=The habitability of Proxima Centauri b: I. Irradiation, rotation and volatile inventory from formation to the present |date=25 August 2016 |last=Ribas |first=Ignasi |last2=Bolmont |first2=Emeline |last3=Selsis |first3=Franck |display-authors=etal |arxiv=1608.06813 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201629576 |volume=596 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |page=A111 |bibcode=2016A&A...596A.111R}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2016/0824-proxima-centauri-b-have-we.html |title=Proxima Centauri b: Have we just found Earth's cousin right on our doorstep? |first1=Franck |last1=Marchis |date=24 August 2016 |publisher=The Planetary Society |access-date=24 August 2016 }}
10. ^A Potentially Habitable World in Our Nearest Star. Planetary Habitability Laboratory. 24 August 2016.
11. ^{{cite journal |last1=Ségransan |first1=D. |last2=Kervella |first2=P. |last3=Forveille |first3=T. |last4=Queloz |first4=D. |title=First radius measurements of very low mass stars with the VLTI |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=2003 |volume=397 |issue=3 |pages=L5–L8 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20021714 |bibcode=2003A&A...397L...5S |arxiv = astro-ph/0211647 }}
12. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/33837-earth-like-planet-proxima-centauri-numbers.html |title=Proxima b By the Numbers: Possibly Earth-Like World at the Next Star Over |first1=Samantha |last1=Mathewson |date=24 August 2016|publisher=Space.com |access-date=25 August 2016 }}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.universetoday.com/18237/how-old-is-the-sun/ |title=How Old is the Sun? |author=Fraser Cain |date=16 September 2008 |work= |publisher=Universe Today |accessdate=19 February 2011}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.universetoday.com/18092/temperature-of-the-sun/ |title=Temperature of the Sun |author=Fraser Cain |date=15 September 2008 |work= |publisher=Universe Today |accessdate=19 February 2011}}
15. ^{{cite journal |last1=Schlaufman |first1=K. C. |last2=Laughlin |first2=G. |title=A {{Sic|hide=y|physically|-}}motivated photometric calibration of M dwarf metallicity |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=519 |date=September 2010 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201015016 |bibcode=2010A&A...519A.105S |arxiv = 1006.2850 |pages=A105}}
16. ^Taken from 100.21, which gives 1.62 times the metallicity of the Sun
17. ^{{cite journal|last1=Jao|first1=Wei-Chun|last2=Henry|first2=Todd J.|last3=Subasavage|first3=John P.|last4=Winters|first4=Jennifer G.|last5=Gies|first5=Douglas R.|last6=Riedel|first6=Adric R.|last7=Ianna|first7=Philip A.|title=The Solar Neighborhood. XXXI. Discovery of an Unusual Red+White Dwarf Binary at ~25 pc via Astrometry and UV Imaging|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=147|issue=1|year=2014|pages=21|issn=0004-6256|doi=10.1088/0004-6256/147/1/21|bibcode=2014AJ....147...21J|arxiv = 1310.4746 }}
18. ^{{cite journal | last=Christian | first=D. J. |author2=Mathioudakis, M. |author3=Bloomfield, D. S. |author4=Dupuis, J. |author5= Keenan, F. P. | title=A Detailed Study of Opacity in the Upper Atmosphere of Proxima Centauri | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | date=2004 | volume=612 | issue=2 | pages=1140–1146 | doi=10.1086/422803 | bibcode=2004ApJ...612.1140C |url=http://scholarworks.csun.edu/bitstream/10211.3/172067/1/christian-etal-detailed-2004.pdf}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.universetoday.com/138980/proxima-centauri-just-released-a-flare-so-powerful-it-was-visible-to-the-unaided-eye-planets-there-would-get-scorched-1/|title=Proxima Centauri Just Released a Flare so Powerful it was Visible to the Unaided Eye. Planets There Would Get Scorched|last=Williams|first=Matt|date=2018-04-10|website=Universe Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-17}}
20. ^{{cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Raymond J. |last2= Larkum |first2=Anthony W. D. |last3= Ribas |first3= Ignasi |date=April 2018 |title=Could photosynthesis function on Proxima Centauri b? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318505094_Could_photosynthesis_function_on_Proxima_Centauri_b |journal=International Journal of Astrobiology |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=147–176 |doi=10.1017/S1473550417000167 |bibcode=2018IJAsB..17..147R |access-date=2018-09-10 }}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://stjarnhimlen.se/comp/radfaq.html#10|title=Radiometry and photometry in astronomy|last=Schlyter|first=Paul|date=2017-03-05|website=stjarnhimlen.se|location=Stockholm, Sweden|at=10: How bright are natural light sources?|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-06-21}}
22. ^From knowing the absolute visual magnitude of Proxima Centauri, , and the absolute visual magnitude of the Sun, , the visual luminosity of Proxima Centauri can be calculated: = 4.92×10−5. Proxima Centauri b orbits at 0.0485 AU and so therefore, through use of the inverse-square law, the visual luminosity—intensity at the planet's distance—can be calculated:
23. ^{{Cite arXiv|eprint=1804.02001|first=|last=|title=The First Naked-Eye Superflare Detected from Proxima Centauri|last1=Howard|first1=Ward S|last2=Tilley|first2=Matt A|last3=Corbett|first3=Hank|last4=Youngblood|first4=Allison|last5=Parke Loyd|first5=R. O|last6=Ratzloff|first6=Jeffrey K|last7=Fors|first7=Octavi|author8=Daniel del Ser|last9=Shkolnik|first9=Evgenya L|last10=Ziegler|first10=Carl|last11=Goeke|first11=Erin E|last12=Pietraallo|first12=Aaron D|last13=Haislip|first13=Joshua|last14=Law|first14=Nicholas M|year=2018}}
24. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |last=Clery |first=Daniel |url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/353/6302/857?et_rid=120011976&et_cid=747923 |title=The exoplanet next door |work=Science News |date=26 August 2016 |accessdate=28 August 2016| quote=Researchers have already found hundreds of similarly sized planets, and many appear to be far better candidates for hosting life than the one around Proxima Centauri, called Proxima b.}}
25. ^{{cite journal |title=The Space Weather of Proxima Centauri b |arxiv=1609.09076 |date=28 September 2016 |last=Garraffo |first=Cecilia |last2=Drake |first2= Jeremy J. |last3= Cohen |first3=Ofer |doi=10.3847/2041-8205/833/1/L4 |volume=833 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |page=L4|bibcode = 2016ApJ...833L...4G }}
26. ^{{cite news |last=O'Neill |first=Ian |url=http://www.space.com/34334-proxima-centauri-habitable-second-earth-interstellar-alien-life.html |title=Eyeballing Proxima b: Probably Not a Second Earth |work=Discovery News |publisher=Space.com |date=7 October 2016 |accessdate=2016-10-10 }}
27. ^"Planet in star system nearest our Sun 'may have oceans'", Phys.org, Retrieved 6 October 2016
28. ^1 {{Cite journal | arxiv=1405.1025| last1= Singal| first1= Ashok K.| title= Life on a tidally-locked planet| journal= Planex Newsletter| volume= 4|issue= 2|pages=8 | year= 2014| bibcode= 2014arXiv1405.1025S}}
29. ^{{citation | title=Formation and Evolution of Exoplanets | editor1-first=Rory | editor1-last=Barnes | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | year=2010 | isbn=3527408967 | page=248 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7KimFtJnIAC&pg=PA248 | postscript=. }}
30. ^{{cite journal | last1=Heller | first1=R. | last2=Leconte | first2=J. | last3=Barnes | first3=R. | title=Tidal obliquity evolution of potentially habitable planets | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=528 | id=A27 | pages=16 | date=April 2011 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201015809 | bibcode=2011A&A...528A..27H | arxiv=1101.2156 | postscript=. }}
31. ^{{citation | title=Conditions of Passage and Entrapment of Terrestrial Planets in Spin-orbit Resonances | last1=Makarov | first1=Valeri V. | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=752 | issue=1 | id=73 | pages=8 | date=June 2012 | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/73 | bibcode=2012ApJ...752...73M | arxiv=1110.2658 | postscript=.}}
32. ^{{YouTube|id=LrzUIHlRegQ|title=Does the exoplanet Proxima b host intelligent life?}} (2017), from {{YouTube|channel=UCdDS4j318UpKjNcpe_LeQxQ|title=The Exoplanets Channel}}
33. ^{{cite web| title=Numerical simulation of possible surface temperatures on Proxima b (synchronous rotation)|url=https://www.eso.org/public/unitedkingdom/videos/eso1629g/| publisher=ESO |year=2016| accessdate=24 August 2016}}
34. ^1 2 3 The habitability of Proxima Centauri b – II. Possible climates and observability. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
35. ^{{cite journal | title=The Habitability of Proxima Centauri b I: Evolutionary Scenarios | last1=Barnes | first1=Rory | journal=Astrobiology | volume= 1608| issue= | id= | pages=62 | date=24 August 2016 | doi= | bibcode=2016arXiv160806919B | arxiv=1608.06919 | postscript=.}}
36. ^The coordinates of the Sun would be diametrically opposite Alpha Centauri AB, at α={{RA|02|39|36.4951}}, δ={{DEC|+60|50|02.308}}
37. ^Computed; using in solar terms: {{Solar mass|1.1}} and {{Solar mass|0.92}}, luminosities 1.57 and 0.51 L*/{{Solar luminosity}}, Sun magnitude −26.73(v), 11.2 to 35.6 AU orbit. The minimum luminosity adds the planet's orbital radius to the A–B distance (max) (conjunction). The maximum luminosity subtracts the planet's orbital radius to the A–B distance (min) (opposition).
38. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://palereddot.org/proxima-b-is-our-closest-neighbor-better-get-used-to-it/ |title=Proxima b is our neighbor ... better get used to it! |date=24 August 2016 |publisher=Pale Red Dot |access-date=24 August 2016 }}
39. ^Aron, Jacob. 24 August 2016. [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23130884-100-proxima-b-closest-earth-like-planet-discovered-right-next-door/ Proxima b: Closest Earth-like planet discovered right next door]. New Scientist. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
40. ^Pale Red Dot is a reference to Pale Blue Dot—a distant photo of Earth taken by Voyager 1.
41. ^{{cite web |title=Follow a Live Planet Hunt! |url=https://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann16002/ |date=15 January 2016 |publisher=European Southern Observatory |accessdate=24 August 2016 }}
42. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/08/24/scientists-may-have-found-a-planet-orbiting-proxima-centauri-our-closest-star/|title=Scientists say they've found a planet orbiting Proxima Centauri, our closest neighbor|last=Feltman|first=Rachel|date=24 August 2016|work=|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=|via=GALE}}
43. ^{{cite web|title=Planet Found in Habitable Zone Around Nearest Star – Pale Red Dot campaign reveals Earth-mass world in orbit around Proxima Centauri|url=https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1629/|website=www.eso.org|accessdate=10 January 2017}}
44. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Witze|first1=Alexandra|title=Earth-sized planet around nearby star is astronomy dream come true|url=http://www.nature.com/news/earth-sized-planet-around-nearby-star-is-astronomy-dream-come-true-1.20445|accessdate=24 August 2016|work=Nature|date=24 August 2016|pages=381–382|doi=10.1038/nature.2016.20445|bibcode = 2016Natur.536..381W }}
45. ^{{cite web |title=Planet Found in Habitable Zone Around Nearest Star |url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1629/ |date=24 August 2016 |publisher=European Southern Observatory |deadurl=no |archivedate=24 August 2016 }}
46. ^{{cite web |title=Found! Potentially Earth-Like Planet at Proxima Centauri Is Closest Ever |url=http://www.space.com/33834-discovery-of-planet-proxima-b.html |date=24 August 2016 |publisher=Space.com |deadurl=no |archivedate=24 August 2016 }}
47. ^{{cite web|last1=Knapton|first1=Sarah|title=Proxima b: Alien life could exist on 'second Earth' found orbiting our nearest star in Alpha Centauri system|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/08/24/proxima-b-alien-life-could-exist-on-second-earth-found-orbiting/|website=The Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|accessdate=24 August 2016|date=24 August 2016}}
48. ^1 {{cite web|title=VLT to Search for Planets in Alpha Centauri System - ESO Signs Agreement with Breakthrough Initiatives|url=https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1702/|website=www.eso.org|accessdate=10 January 2017}}
49. ^{{cite journal |arxiv=1609.03082|last1= Lovis|first1= C.|title= Atmospheric characterization of Proxima b by coupling the SPHERE high-contrast imager to the ESPRESSO spectrograph|last2= Snellen|first2= I.|last3= Mouillet|first3= D.|last4= Pepe|first4= F.|last5= Wildi|first5= F.|last6= Astudillo-Defru|first6= N.|last7= Beuzit|first7= J. -L.|last8= Bonfils|first8= X.|last9= Cheetham|first9= A.|last10= Conod|first10= U.|last11= Delfosse|first11= X.|last12= Ehrenreich|first12= D.|last13= Figueira|first13= P.|last14= Forveille|first14= T.|last15= Martins|first15= J. H. C.|last16= Quanz|first16= S.|last17= Santos|first17= N. C.|last18= Schmid|first18= H. -M.|last19= Ségransan|first19= D.|last20= Udry|first20= S.|year= 2016|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201629682|volume=599|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|page=A16|bibcode=2017A&A...599A..16L}}
50. ^{{cite journal |arxiv=1608.07345|last1=Kreidberg|first1=Laura|title=Prospects for Characterizing the Atmosphere of Proxima Centauri b|last2=Loeb|first2=Abraham|year=2016|doi=10.3847/2041-8205/832/1/L12|volume=832|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|page=L12|bibcode = 2016ApJ...832L..12K }}
51. ^{{cite journal | title=No Conclusive Evidence for Transits of Proxima b in MOST photometry | url=http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/153/3/93/meta | last1=Kipping | first1=David M. | last2=Cameron | first2=Chris | last3=Hartman | first3=Joel D. | last4=Davenport | first4=James R. A. | last5=Matthews | first5=Jaymie M. | last6=Sasselov | first6=Dimitar | last7=Rowe | first7=Jason | last8=Siverd | first8 =Robert J. | last9=Chen | first9=Jingjing | last10=Sandford | first10=Emily | last11=Bakos | first11=Gáspár Á. | last12=Jordan | first12=Andres | last13=Bayliss | first13=Daniel | last14=Henning | first14=Thomas | last15=Mancini | first15=Luigi | last16=Penev | first16=Kaloyan | last17=Csubry | first17=Zoltan | last18=Bhatti | first18=Waqas | author19=Joao Da Silva Bento | last20=Guenther | first20=David B. | last21=Kuschnig | first21=Rainer | last22=Moffat | first22=Anthony F. J. | last23=Rucinski | first23=Slavek M. | last24=Weiss | first24=Werner W. | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astronomical Journal | volume=153 | issue=3 | pages=93| year=2017 | arxiv=1609.08718 | bibcode=2017AJ....153...93K | doi=10.3847/1538-3881/153/3/93 }}
52. ^{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Starshot |url=http://breakthroughinitiatives.org/Initiative/3 |date=12 April 2016 |work=Breakthrough Initiatives |accessdate=12 April 2016 }}
53. ^{{cite web |last=Gilster |first=Paul |title=Breakthrough Starshot: Mission to Alpha Centauri |url=http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=35402 |date=12 April 2016 |work=Centauri Dreams |accessdate=14 April 2016 }}
54. ^{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=Reaching for the Stars, Across 4.37 Light-Years; A Visionary Project Aims for Alpha Centauri, a Star 4.37 Light-Years Away |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/13/science/alpha-centauri-breakthrough-starshot-yuri-milner-stephen-hawking.html |date=12 April 2016 |work=New York Times |accessdate=12 April 2016 }}
55. ^{{cite news |last= Stone |first=Maddie |url=https://gizmodo.com/a-russian-billionaire-and-stephen-hawking-want-to-build-1770467186 |title=Stephen Hawking and a Russian Billionaire Want to Build an Interstellar Starship |work=Gizmodo |date=12 April 2016 |accessdate=12 April 2016 }}

References

{{reflist|30em}}

Further reading

  • {{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/timeline/the-top-15-events-that-happened-in-space-in-2016/slide/9/|title=The top 15 events that happened in space in 2016|last=|first=|date=16 December 2016|work=|publisher=TechCrunch|access-date=2016-12-16|via=|vauthors=Calandrelli E, Escher A}}

External links

{{commons category|Proxima Centauri b}}
  • [https://palereddot.org/ A search for Earth-like planets around Proxima Centauri]
  • The habitability of Proxima Centauri b – Pale Red Dot website for future updates
  • {{cite web |title=ESOcast 87: Pale Red Dot Results |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lysJduOqads }}
  • {{cite web |title=Interviews with Pale Red Dot scientists |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Wl1C7PPo3c }}
  • {{cite web |title=Press Conference at ESO HQ |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5QkN05xodA }}
{{Alpha Centauri}}{{Nearest star systems|1}}{{2016 in space}}{{Sky|14|29|42.9487|-|62|40|46.141|4.243}}

5 : Centaurus (constellation)|Exoplanets detected by radial velocity|Exoplanets discovered in 2016|Exoplanets in the habitable zone|Proxima Centauri
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