| 词条 | Putlocker |
| 释义 |
|name = Putlocker |logo = Putlockers.png |screenshot = |caption = Screenshot of Putlocker's homepage, 2016 |url = |commercial = |type = Online file hosting index |registration = None |language = English |author = |revenue = Advertisements |alexa = N/A |current status= Offline (clones/copy sites available) }}Putlocker refers to an online index of hosted files and various websites used for streaming entertainment media, such as films and television series. The initial website originated in the United Kingdom as early as 2011, and grew to receive millions of daily visitors after the shutdown of Megaupload. In May 2016, the website was blocked in the UK by a High Court order,[1] and at its peak prior to a temporary closure in late 2016, Alexa Internet listed Putlocker as ranking among the top 250 most-visited websites worldwide.[2] Putlocker has been reported by the Motion Picture Association of America as a major piracy threat.[2] Putlocker's domain address has changed multiple times throughout its history, with the most recent domain seizure being that of the URL putlockers.ch, which was suspended and transferred to the ownership of EuroDNS, by order of a Luxembourg court.[4] It is not publicly known whether an official Putlocker website maintained by the original team remains available online, but at least fifty mirror or proxy websites, many of which use the Putlocker name, have been identified.[3] HistoryLaunch and popularityPutlocker originated in the United Kingdom under the URL putlocker.com. In early January 2012, the website received about 800,000 visitors a day, but after the popular website Megaupload was shut down due to copyright infringement, Putlocker began receiving approximately 1.6 million visitors a day.[4] The website's operations officer, Adrian Petroff, found Megaupload's closure worrying, stating "who needs SOPA when a studio exec can make a wish/hit list and sites ‘voluntarily’ shut down?"[5] In March 2012, Putlocker was identified by Alfred Perry, vice president for worldwide content protection at Paramount Pictures, as one of the "top 5 rogue cyberlocker services".[6] The website's URL was changed to putlocker.bz, an address which was seized by the Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit of the UK in June 2014, and was subsequently changed to putlocker.is, a domain located in Iceland.[7] 2016–presentFrom around early October 2016, the putlocker.is address displayed an error stating that the website's host service is inaccessible.[8] Around this time, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) reported Putlocker to the Office of the United States Trade Representative as a piracy threat. The MPAA revealed that Putlocker operated from Vietnam, and that its servers were hosted by the Swiss company Private Layer.[2] Prior to its closure, putlocker.is was listed among the 250 top websites globally and the top 150 in the United States, according to Alexa data.[9] A mirror site under the address putlocker.today appeared shortly after the assumed termination of putlocker.is, and on October 17, 2016, an address under the name putlocker9.com was reported to be available.[9] On November 2, 2016, the putlocker.is address became active again, redirecting its users to the updated URL putlockers.ch.[10][11] On February 27, 2017, the putlockers.ch address was suspended after a ruling by a Tribunal d'arrondissement of Luxembourg in favour of the Belgian Entertainment Association, and the URL transferred ownership to EuroDNS.[12][13] The chief legal officer of EuroDNS, Luc Seufer, stated that EuroDNS is required to "prevent any ‘reactivation’ of this domain name [putlockers.ch] until its expiration date". Following the seizure of the putlockers.ch address, the previously used putlocker.is domain was made functional again.[12] In March 2017, it was reported that Ted Osius, then United States Ambassador to Vietnam, held a meeting with Truong Minh Tuan, Vietnam's Minister of Information and Communications, in which Osius urged for the criminal prosecution of Putlocker, along with the websites 123Movies and KissCartoon, for copyright infringement.[14][15] Not long after, putlocker.is, which changed to putlockertv.is and subsequently putlockers.cc, was reported to redirect visitors to a scamming site.[16] In May 2017, at least three working sites bearing the Putlocker name were known to be available: putlocker.rs, with a Serbian top-level domain, putlockertv.ist, with an Istanbul TLD, and putlockerhd.is, with an Icelandic one.[17] In July 2017, the International Business Times reported that "15% of internet users in the UK are either infringing copyright through streaming or illegal downloads, with pirated TV material primarily accessed through Kodi (16%) or Putlocker (17%)".[18] In August 2017, Justice John Nicholas of the Federal Court of Australia ordered Australian internet service providers to block access to 42 piracy sites in a case brought by Village Roadshow, with Putlocker, KissCartoon, and GoMovies being among those ordered to be blocked.[19] In June 2018, Trevon Maurice Franklin of Fresno, California pleaded guilty to violating federal copyright law back in February 2016, when he downloaded the superhero film Deadpool from Putlocker and then uploaded it to Facebook eight days after the film was released theatrically in the United States.[20] As a result, the film was viewed over 6 million times for free, with the total retail value of the copies being estimated at around $2,500.[21][22] U.S. District Judge John A. Kronstadt set September 27 as the sentencing date for the federal class-A misdemeanor, which carries a possible penalty of up to one year in prison, along with a $100,000 fine.[20] After missing the September 27 sentencing hearing[23], Franklin was sentenced in October to 24 days in federal detention followed by a year of supervised release, including 20 hours of community service per week.[24] See also
References1. ^{{cite news |last=Bolton |first=Doug |date=26 May 2016 |title=Putlocker blocked in the UK by internet service providers after High Court order |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/putlocker-blocked-down-virgin-media-sky-internet-streaming-watch-online-videos-a7050056.html |publisher=The Independent |access-date=17 October 2016 }} {{Video digital distribution platforms}}2. ^1 {{cite news |last=Prabhu |first=Vijay |date=17 October 2016 |title=Yet Another Video Streaming Service Bites The Dust, Putlocker Shuts Down |url=http://www.techworm.net/2016/10/putlocker-video-streaming-service-shuts.html |publisher=TechWorm |access-date=17 October 2016 }} 3. ^{{cite web|url=https://sguru.org/putlocker-proxy/|title=Putlocker Proxy - 50+ Fast Putlocker Mirror & Proxy Sites List|date=11 June 2017|author=Lana Martinez|website=Supportive Guru|access-date=4 May 2018}} 4. ^{{cite news |last=Tung |first=Liam |date=5 April 2012 |title=Hollywood bloodlust cripples another filelocker |url=http://www.itnews.com.au/news/hollywood-bloodlust-cripples-another-filelocker-296099 |publisher=IT News |access-date=17 October 2016 }} 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://torrentfreak.com/were-no-rogue-site-putlocker-responds-to-hollywood-120403/|title=We’re No Rogue Site: PutLocker Responds To Hollywood|date=3 April 2012|author=Enigmax|location=Torrent Freak|access-date=17 October 2016}} 6. ^{{cite news |last=Sandoval |first=Greg |date=31 March 2012 |title=MPAA wants more criminal cases brought against 'rogue' sites |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/mpaa-wants-more-criminal-cases-brought-against-rogue-sites/ |publisher=CNET |access-date=17 October 2016 }} 7. ^{{cite news |last=Harblson |first=Cammy |date=4 June 2014 |title=Is Putlocker.bz Down Or Not Working? Domain Seized But Free Movie Streaming Site Lives Under New Domain Name |url=http://www.idigitaltimes.com/putlockerbz-down-or-not-working-domain-seized-free-movie-streaming-site-lives-under-373976 |publisher=iDigitalTimes |access-date=17 October 2016 }} 8. ^{{cite news |last=Toledo |first=Michael Jay |date=17 October 2016 |title=Putlocker Alternative: Free Movies 2016 Still Available? No URL Ban? |url=http://www.thebitbag.com/putlocker-alternative-free-movies-2016-still-available-no-url-ban/191817 |publisher=The BitBag |access-date=17 October 2016 }} 9. ^1 2 {{cite news |last=Ibe |first=Gerald |date=17 October 2016 |title=Putlocker New Site Appears After Putlocker.is Taken Down; Is It Safe? |url=http://www.techplz.com/putlocker-new-site-appears-putlocker-taken-safe/172982/ |publisher=TechPlz |access-date=17 October 2016 }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://everydayelectronics.co/2016/11/02/putlocker-is-is-up-and-running-again/|title=Putlocker.is Up And Running Again!|date=2 November 2016|publisher=Everyday Electronics|access-date=3 November 2016}} 11. ^{{cite news |last=Singh Pandher |first=Gurmeet |date=4 November 2016 |title=Putlocker.is Still Down; Beware Of Clones: Original Website Back with New Address |url=http://www.thebitbag.com/putlocker-still-beware-clones/198132 |publisher=The BitBag |access-date=5 November 2016 }} 12. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://torrentfreak.com/putlocker-loses-domain-name-following-court-order-170228/|title=‘Putlocker’ Loses Domain Name Following Court Order|author=Ernesto|date=28 February 2017|website=TorrentFreak|access-date=2 March 2017}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.techworm.net/2017/03/movie-streaming-website-putlocker-loses-putlockers-ch-domain-name-following-court-order.html|title=Movie streaming website Putlocker loses its ‘Putlockers.ch’ domain name following court order|author=Kavita Iyer|date=1 March 2017|website=TechWorm|access-date=2 March 2017}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://kinhdoanh.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/doanh-nghiep/viet-my-hop-tac-chan-noi-dung-xau-tren-youtube-facebook-3559244.html|title=Việt - Mỹ hợp tác chặn nội dung xấu trên YouTube, Facebook|author=Ngọc Tuyên|date=22 March 2017|website=VnExpress|language=Vietnamese|trans-title=Vietnam - US cooperation to block bad content on YouTube, Facebook|access-date=25 March 2017}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://torrentfreak.com/us-ambassador-asks-vietnam-to-target-123movies-putlocker-and-kisscartoon-170323/|title=US Ambassador Asks Vietnam to Target 123movies, Putlocker and Kisscartoon|author=Ernesto|date=23 March 2017|website=TorrentFreak|access-date=25 March 2017}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=Is Putlocker Dead? Streaming Site Directs Users to 'Scammy' Videos|url=https://torrentfreak.com/is-putlocker-dead-streaming-site-directs-users-to-scammy-videos-170406/|website=TorrentFreak|access-date=30 April 2017|date=6 April 2017}} 17. ^{{cite web|last=TDW|url=https://www.thedigitalworm.com/putlocker-tv-movies/|title=Putlocker-Watch Free Movies, TV on These Putlockers and Alternatives|website=Thedigitalworm.com|date=2017}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/how-kodi-boxes-putlocker-youtube-rips-are-destroying-official-anti-piracy-efforts-1629439|title=How Kodi boxes, Putlocker and YouTube rips are destroying official anti-piracy efforts|author=Oliver Cragg|date=7 July 2017|work=International Business Times|access-date=25 July 2017}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/film-studios-and-foxtel-win-orders-blocking-59-pirate-websites-20170817-gxyora.html|title=Film studios and Foxtel win orders blocking 59 pirate websites|author=Michaela Whitbourn|date=17 August 2017|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=28 June 2018}} 20. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.dailynews.com/2018/06/14/man-expected-to-plead-guilty-to-illegally-uploading-deadpool-movie-to-facebook/|title=Man, 22, pleads guilty to illegally uploading ‘Deadpool’ movie to Facebook|date=14 June 2018|work=Los Angeles Daily News|access-date=28 June 2018}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-man-arrested-deadpool-upload-facebook-20170613-story.html|title=Man arrested by feds after 5 million people watched illegal 'Deadpool' upload on his Facebook|author=Veronica Rocha|date=13 June 2017|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=28 June 2018}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4602324/Man-21-arrested-uploading-Deadpool-Facebook.html|title=Man, 21, is arrested after 5 million people watched his 'illegal upload of Marvel's Deadpool on his Facebook page' - just days after it was released in theaters|work=Daily Mail|date=14 June 2017|access-date=28 June 2018}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.pe.com/2018/09/27/22-year-old-who-uploaded-deadpool-to-facebook-faces-federal-prison-time/|title=22-year-old who admitted uploading ‘Deadpool’ to Facebook misses bus to LA for sentencing|date=27 Sep 2018|work=The Press-Enterprise|access-date=7 Jan 2019}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.dailynews.com/2018/10/04/man-who-missed-sentencing-for-deadpool-facebook-upload-is-back-in-court/|title=Man gets three-week sentence for uploading ‘Deadpool’ to Facebook|date=4 Oct 2018|work=Los Angeles Daily News|access-date=7 Jan 2019}} 3 : Notorious markets|Internet services shut down by a legal challenge|British websites |
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