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词条 Pythium porphyrae
释义

  1. Economic impact

  2. Description

  3. Ecology

  4. Taxonomy

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{About|the organism that causes red rot disease in seaweeds|the chemical process that degrades leather|red rot}}{{Speciesbox
|genus = Pythium
|species = porphyrae
|authority = M. Takah. & M. Sasaki, 1977[1]
|status = NE
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = [2]
|synonyms =
  • Pythium chondricola De Cock, 1986

|synonyms_ref = [3][4][5]
}}

Pythium porphyrae, is a parasitic species of oomycete in the family Pythiaceae.[6] It is the cause of red rot disease or red wasting disease, also called {{transl|ja|akagusare}} ({{lang|ja|赤ぐされ}}) in Japanese.[1][7] The specific epithet porphyrae ({{lang|el-GR|πορφυρα}}) stems from the genus of one of its common hosts, Porphyra, and the purple-red color of the lesions on the thallus of the host.[8] However, many of its hosts have been moved from the genus Porphyra to Pyropia.

Economic impact

P. porphyrae can destroy an entire crop of nori within 3 weeks.[9][10][7] It prefers low salinity and warm water (24-28 °C).[11][12][13][7] It will only grow in the 15-35 °C range.[17] Mild winters correlate with higher infestations and lower crop yields,[14] possibly due to decreased temperatures inducing the development of sex organs in the oomycete.[1] Losses can be combated by destroying diseased fronds and exposing thalli to the air for 3–4 hours daily.[7] The oospores can be spread in contaminated organic matter and the sporangia can spread through the water.[21]

Description

P. porphyrae has a mycelial thallus that is eucarpic, meaning only part of the thallus turns into sporangia.[21] It is primarily a facultative parasite of algae, but can also be saprobic.[21]

Its hyphae can grow up to 4.5 µm wide,[15][21] and are not septate.[1] On algae, the hyphae will extend through the cell wall.[1] It does not have haustoria not chlamydospores.[21] The appressoria are club-shaped.[21] It has sporangia that are unbranched, filamentous,[1][4] and non-inflated,[4] typically forming 6-17 zoospores per vesicle.[1][15][21] Encysted zoospores are 8-12 µm in diameter.[21] Hyphal swellings are intercalary and globose, from 12-28 µm in diameter.[21] Oogonia average 17 µm in diameter and are also intercalary and globose, but rarely are terminal.[15][21] In each oogonium are 1-2 diclinous antheridia[4][21][1] coming out far away from the oogonial stalk.[15] The antheridia's cells are clavate (club shaped) or globose.[1][15][21] The antheridia will be apical to the oogonial wall.[21] Sometimes there will be two antheridial cells on one stalk.[15] The yellowish oospores average 15 µm in diameter, have thick (~2 µm) walls, and are plerotic (fill the whole oogonium).[15][21] Conidia are spherical at 8.8-30.8 μm diameter, but rarely produced.[1]

P. porphyrae shares many physical traits with P. marinum and P. monospermum,[15] and appears to be most closely related to P. adhaerens.[3][4] However it has up to four diclinous antheridia and sometimes two antheridial cells per stalk; P. monospermum has 1-4 either diclinous or monoclinous antheridia and P. marinum has only a single diclinous antheridium.[15] P. monospermum and P. marinum also have oogonia terminally on short branches, yet in P. porphyrae they tent to be intercalary.[15]

In a laboratory it will grow 5 mm per day[4] on seawater-cornmeal agar with low aerial mycelium[21] and colorless colonies,[1] but will not grow at all on potato-carrot agar.[15]

Ecology

P. porphyrae has been found in Japan,[1] Netherlands, New Zealand,[3] and Korea, but this range is likely underreported.[21] It has a parasitic relationship with the following hosts. Though some species of Pyropia and Porphyra are susceptible to infection in their gametophytic phase, they are resistant in their Conchocelis (sporophytic) phase.[3]
  • Bangia atropurpurea[16]
  • Callophyllis adhaerens[16]
  • Chondrus crispus[3][4]
  • Gelidium elegans[16]
  • Gloiosiphonia capillaris[16]
  • Gracilaria spp.[16]
  • Grateloupia turuturu[16]
  • Griffithsia subcylindrica[16]
  • Lomentaria hakodatensis[16]
  • Mastocarpus papillatus[17]
  • Polyopes affinis (Carpopeltis affinis)[16]
  • Polysiphonia morrowii[16]
  • Pterocladiella capillacea[16]
  • Pyropia cinnamomea[3]
  • Pyropia plicata[3]
  • Pyropia suborbiculata[3]
  • Pyropia tenera[3][11][16][1]
  • Pyropia virididentata[3]
  • Pyropia yezoensis[15][4][16][1]
  • Rhodymenia intricata[16]
  • Stylonema alsidii[16]
  • Wrangelia tanegana[16]

Taxonomy

A 2005 study concerning a case of Pythiosis from a related species (P. insidiosum) indicated that P. porphyrae is related to P. dissotocum, P. myriotylum, P. volutum, and P. vanterpoolii.[18]

In 2004, molecular analysis of Pythium determined that P. porphyrae is in "Clade A" along with P. adhaerens, P. deliense, P. aphanidermatum, and P. monospermum[4] Clade A has two clusters, and P. porphyrae shares one with the species also originating on algae, P. adhaerens.[4]

A 2017 study of Pythium species in Clade A showed the following phylogenetic tree.[3] It further demonstrated that P. porphyrae and P. chondricola are the same species.[3][4] P. adhaerens may also be conspecific based solely on genetic comparison, but showed a number of physical differences that show it may be a separate but very closely related species.[3]

{{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=P. deliense
|2=P. aphanidermatum
|2={{clade
|1=P. monospermum
|2={{clade
|1=P. adhaerens
|2=P. porphyrae/P. chondricola
          }}       }}    }}

|2=P. insidiosum

See also

  • Pythium in turfgrass
  • Pythiosis

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite journal |last1=Takahashi |first1=Minoru |author-link1=Minoru Takahashi |last2=Ichitani |first2=Takio |author-link2=Takio Ichitani |last3=Sasaki |first3=Minoru |author-link3= |year=1977 |title= ノリ赤腐病を起因するPythium porphyrae |script-title= |trans-title=Pythium porphyrae sp. nov. causing red rot of marine algae Porphyra spp. |url= |access-date= |url-access= |format= |department= |journal=Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan |type= |series= |language= |edition= |publication-date= |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=279–285 |nopp= |asin= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |archive-url= |archive-date= |dead-url= |via= |layurl= |laysource= |laydate= |quote= |ref= }}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://col.iucnredlist.org/consult_catalogue_of_life/Pythium%20porphyrae |title=Pythium porphyrae |year=2017 |website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |language=English |access-date=4 October 2017 |quote=This taxon has not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List, but is in the Catalogue of Life: Pythium porphyrae M. Takah. & M. Sasaki, 1977 }}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite journal|last1=Diehl|first1=Nora|last2=Kim|first2=Gwang Hoon|last3=Zuccarello|first3=Giuseppe C.|title=A pathogen of New Zealand Pyropia plicata (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), Pythium porphyrae (Oomycota)|journal=Algae|date=March 2017|volume=32|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.4490/algae.2017.32.2.25|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315589653|accessdate=5 October 2017|language=English|format=PDF|issn=1226-2617|oclc=7067179428}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite journal|last1=LéVesque|first1=C.André|last2=De Cock|first2=Arthur W.A.M.|title=Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Pythium|journal=Mycological Research|date=December 2004|volume=108|issue=12|pages=1363–1383|doi=10.1017/S0953756204001431|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0953756208604724|accessdate=11 October 2017|language=English|format=PDF|issn=0953-7562|oclc=358362888}}
5. ^{{cite web|author1=|title=Pythium porphyrae|url=http://www.mycobank.org/name/Pythium%20porphyrae|website=MycoBank|accessdate=4 October 2017|location=Utrecht, Netherlands|language=English|date=2016}}
6. ^{{cite web|author1=|title=Pythium porphyrae|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=88834&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |website=NCBI Taxonomy|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information|accessdate=2 October 2017|location=Bethesda, MD|language=English|quote=Lineage( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Stramenopiles; Oomycetes; Pythiales; Pythiaceae; Pythium }}
7. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Andrews|first1=John H.|title=The Pathology of Marine Algae|journal=Biological Reviews|date=May 1976|volume=51|issue=2|pages=211–252|doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.1976.tb01125.x|chapter=Diseases caused by phycomycetes: Chytridiomycetes; Hyphochytridiomycetes; Oomycetes|language=English|issn=1464-7931}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.winternet.com/~chuckg/dictionary/dictionary.146.html |title=Dictionary of Botanical Epithets |last=Griffith |first=Chuck |year=2005 |website=Dictionary of Botanical Epithets |language=English |access-date=3 October 2017 |quote=purple-red porphyra porphyr noun/f πορφυρα the purple-fish or the dye that was made from it }}
9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Arasaki|first1=S.|journal=病蟲害雜誌 (Plant Protection)|date=1956|volume=10|pages=243–6|title=The diseases of asakusanori and their control|trans-title=The diseases of asakusanori and their control|language=Japanese|oclc=41036343}}
10. ^ARASAKI, S. (1962). Studies on the artificial culture of Porphyra tenera Kjellm. 111. On the red wasting disease of Porphyra, especially on the physiology of the causal fungus Pythium sp.nov. [In Japanese, English summary.] Journal of the Agricultural Laboratory, Abiko, Japan. Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry 3, 87-93
11. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Arasaki|first1=Satoshi|title=アサクサノリめ腐敗病に關する研究|journal=Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi (Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries)|date=1947|volume=13|issue=3|pages=74–90|doi=10.2331/suisan.13.74|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/suisan1932/13/3/13_3_74/_article|accessdate=11 October 2017|trans-title=Studies on the Wasting Disease of the Cultured Lavers (Porphyra tenera)|language=Japanese|format=PDF|issn=0021-5392}}
12. ^SUTO, S., SAITO, Y., AKIYAMA, K. & UMEBAYASHI, 0. (1972). Text Book of Diseases and their Symptoms in Porphyra. [In Japanese.] Contribution E, Number I 8 of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Japan. 37 pp.
13. ^SAKURAI, Y., AKIYAMA, K. & SATO, S. (1974). On the formation and the discharge of zoospores of Pythium porphyrae in experimental conditions. [In Japanese, English summary.] Bulletin of the Tohoku Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory (33), I 19-27.
14. ^{{cite journal|last1=Suto|first1=S|title=Seaweed production and phycological research in Japan|journal=Proceedings of the 1st International Seaweed Symposium, Edinburgh, 14–17 July 1952|date=1953|pages=96–99|language=English|oclc=22404162}}
15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite book|last1=van der Plaats-Niterink|first1=J.|title=Monograph of the genus Pythium|date=22 December 1981|publisher=Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures|location=Baarn, Netherlands|url=http://www.westerdijkinstitute.nl/publications/1021/content_files/content.htm|accessdate=6 October 2017|language=English |series=Studies in Mycology |volume=21|oclc=474297038|chapter=IX. Descriptions of the recognized species}}
16. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 {{cite journal|last1=Spencer|first1=M. A.|title=Pythium porphyrae. (Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria)|journal=IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria|date=2004|volume=162|issue=Sheet 1617|url=http://www.cabi.org/dfb/abstract/20056401617|accessdate=10 October 2017|language=English|quote=A description is provided for Pythium porphyrae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES: Red-rot disease, red-wasting disease. HOSTS: Bangia atropurpurea, Callophyllis adhaerens, Polyopes affinis (syn}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/exhibits/marine-panel/turkish-washcloth-or-black-tar-spot/ |title=Turkish Washcloth or Black Tar Spot |author= |date=2017 |department=Slater Museum of Natural History |website=Slater Museum of Natural History |series=Marine Panel |publisher=University of Puget Sound |location=Tacoma, WA |language=English |access-date=6 October 2017 }}
18. ^{{cite journal|last1=Rivierre|first1=Christine|last2=Laprie|first2=Caroline|last3=Guiard-Marigny|first3=Olivier|last4=Bergeaud|first4=Patrick|last5=Berthelemy|first5=Madeleine|last6=Guillot|first6=Jacques|title=Pythiosis in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|date=March 2005|volume=11|issue=3|pages=479–481|doi=10.3201/eid1103.040697|pmid=15757572|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/3/04-0697_article|accessdate=5 October 2017|language=English|issn=1080-6059|pmc=3298269|oclc=815385893|doi-broken-date=2018-10-13}}

External links

  • {{Wikispecies-inline|Pythium porphyrae|Pythium porphyrae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q41594952}}

3 : Water mould plant pathogens and diseases|Species described in 1977|Pythium
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