| 词条 | Quadriga Fintech Solutions |
| 释义 |
| name = Quadriga Fintech Solutions | logo = Quadriga Fintech Solutions logo.png | foundation = 2013 | founders = Gerald Cotten, Michael Patryn | products = Cryptocurrency exchange | homepage = {{URL|www.quadrigacx.com}} }}Quadriga Fintech Solutions is the owner and operator of QuadrigaCX, which was believed to be Canada's largest cryptocurrency exchange. The company's CEO and founder, Gerald Cotten, died unexpectedly in December 2018, after travelling to India. Up to C$250 million (US$190 million) owed to 115,000 customers are missing[1] or cannot be accessed because only Cotten held the password to off-line cold wallets.[2][3][2] Ernst & Young has been appointed as an independent monitor while Quadriga has been granted temporary legal protection from its creditors under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act, a form of bankruptcy.[5][6] On April 2, 2019 Ernst and Young recommended that Quadriga enter bankruptcy under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, which allows for liquidation, as a successful reorganization "appears remote".[3] The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) are reportedly investigating the company.[4] History{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | audio1 = [https://www.cbc.ca/radio/frontburner/inside-canada-s-crypto-mystery-1.5052325 Front Burner- Inside Canada's Crypto Mystery], CBC News, March 12, 2019, 23:08[5] }}Before attending the Schulich School of Business at York University in Toronto, Gerald Cotten lived in Belleville, Ontario. He graduated from York with a bachelor of business administration in 2010. He learned about bitcoin in Toronto and travelled to Vancouver, British Columbia where he founded Quadriga in November 2013 with Michael Patryn. Quadriga started by doing only local trades. Their online exchange launched after the first month. In January 2014 they installed the second Bitcoin ATM in Vancouver.[6] In 2014 only C$7.4-million worth of bitcoin were exchanged on Quadriga.[11] The company tried to raise money and list on the Canadian Securities Exchange (CSE) working with Patryn. The company raised C$850,000 but cancelled plans to list on the exchange in early 2016. Quadriga had four employees in 2015 with offices in Vancouver and Toronto, but ran out of money by June 2015.[11] In 2016, Cotten became the sole director of Quadriga when all the other directors resigned. Other than a few contractors, it had no employees, offices or bank accounts thereafter.[7][8] In 2017 Bitcoin experienced a speculative frenzy rising in price from about US$1,000 to almost US$20,000. About C$1.2-billion worth of bitcoin was exchanged on Quadriga. While the large increase in volume increased commissions, it also caused cash-flow problems due to the exchange's reliance on external payment processors and its lack of a proper accounting system.[7] In June 2017, Quadriga announced that they lost ethereum worth US$14 million due to a smart contract error.[9] Throughout 2018, as Bitcoin prices crashed, customers of the exchange reported delays when attempting to withdraw dollars.[10][11] C$28 million held by Costodian, a Quadriga payment processor, was frozen by the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) in January 2018. CIBC stated that they could not determine the ownership of the money and could not contact Cotten or Quadriga. In November 2018 the case was decided with the accounts going to the court to decide the ownership individually. Neither Costodian or Quadriga could access the funds.[12][13][14] According to court filings, Quadriga also used WB21 as a payment processor.[7] Michael Gastauer, Chief Executive of WB21, has been named in a civil lawsuit by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission as part of a US$165 million fraud.[15] Quadriga used an unusual teller-window system for customers to withdraw their money. Rather than pay customers via bank wires, they were told to come to a nondescript building in Laval, Quebec to pick up the cash. Customers reported that once they arrived, there was nobody in the office, or that there was no cash to be disbursed.[1] In January 2019 Ernst & Young reported that Quadriga did not have a bank account, but instead used third party payment processors. It apparently had no formal accounting system. The business was run from Cotten's encrypted laptop from Cotten's home in Fall River, Nova Scotia.[5][16] Omar DhananiPatryn has been identified by the Globe and Mail as Omar Dhanani who was convicted on identity theft charges in the U.S. and served 18 months in Federal prison. Dhanani also had pleaded guilty to burglary and grand theft charges and was deported to Canada.[7][17] Bloomberg also identified Patryn as Dhanani showing that he officially changed his name from Omar Dhanani to Omar Patryn in British Columbia in March 2003 and changed it again to Michael Patryn in October 2008.[18] CEO's deathAccording to Jennifer Robertson, Cotten's widow, he died on 9 December 2018 while traveling in India. She accompanied him to a hospital in Jaipur the previous day and he was diagnosed with septic shock, perforation, peritonitis, and intestinal obstruction. On the 9th he died after episodes of cardiac arrest. On 10 December a death certificate was issued by the local municipality, as well as a "no objection certificate" from the police to return the body to Nova Scotia.[19] Robertson filed an affidavit on behalf of the company which included a "Statement of Death" for Cotten, filed in Halifax, Nova Scotia on 12 December 2018.[20][33] It also stated that Quadriga has 363,000 registered users and a sum of C$250 million is owed to 115,000 affected users.[34] Cotten's will was signed 27 November 2018, twelve days before he died. It left Robertson the entire C$9.6-million estate and named her as the trustee. The estate includes an airplane, a sailboat, a 2017 Lexus, and real estate in Kelowna, British Columbia and Nova Scotia. A C$100,000 trust fund will provide lifelong care for Cotten's two chihuahuas in case of Robertson's death.[21][22] On 14 January 2019,[23] Quadriga announced that their CEO, Gerald Cotten, died the month prior from Crohn's disease while doing volunteer work at an orphanage in India.[24] After the exchange was put into maintenance mode for several days in January, they announced on the 31st that they were applying for creditor protection.[25] According to an affidavit by the CEO's widow, approximately 115,000 customers are owed C$250 million (US$190 million), most of which was cryptocurrency held in QuadrigaCX's cold wallet in the laptop that only the deceased CEO had access to.[26] Blockchain analysts have reported that they are unable to find evidence of Quadriga's cold wallets on the blockchain, a public ledger used for cryptocurrencies.[27][28] Ernst & Young found five Quadriga cold wallet addresses, but they were empty, containing no cryptocurrency since April 2018. Another "appears to have been used to receive Bitcoin from another cryptocurrency exchange account and subsequently transfer Bitcoin to the Quadriga hot wallet" on December 3.[29] Another 3 empty wallets were believed to possibly be owned by Quadriga. Fourteen trading accounts that were also examined were used to trade on other exchanges.[29] Quadriga continued to accept deposits until 26 January. Some Reddit users have suggested that Cotten faked his own death in order to defraud customers through an exit scam, while others believe that Cotten's death exposed a Ponzi scheme.[30][31] Bankruptcy proceedingsOn 5 February, Halifax judge Michael Wood ordered a "30-day stay that precludes filing of claims against Quadriga", which is a temporary legal protection from its creditors under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act, a form of bankruptcy.[32] Meanwhile in order to manage the finances of the company during the process, a third party monitor, Ernst & Young, has been appointed.[24] Aaron Matthews is now serving as Director of Operations.[7] Ernst & Young reported on February 6, 2019 that C$468,675 (US$354,300) of bitcoin were "inadvertently" sent to an inaccessible cold wallet.[33] On March 5, 2019 Nova Scotia Supreme Court Justice Michael Wood extended Quadriga’s court protection to April 23. He appointed Peter Wedlake of Grant Thornton to be chief restructuring officer. Quadriga's customers are owed C$260 million in cryptocurrency and cash. A C$24.7 million disbursement fund has been planned with C$300,000 to go to Cotten's widow, Jennifer Robertson, who advanced that amount to start the court proceedings, C$200,000 will go to Ernst & Young and another C$250,000 to its lawyers, C$229,842 will go to Quadriga’s lawyers and C$17,000 to independent contractors.[34] Quadriga's lawyer, the firm Stewart McKelvey, withdrew from the case due to a potential conflict of interest.[35] References1. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Vigna |first1=Paul |last2=Shifflett |first2=Shane |title=‘Our Cash Went to Something’: Customers Hunt for Bankrupt Crypto Exchange’s Missing Millions |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/our-cash-went-to-something-customers-hunt-for-bankrupt-crypto-exchanges-missing-millions-11550596908 |accessdate=20 February 2019 |publisher=Wall Street Journal |date=19 February 2019}} [36][37]2. ^{{cite news |last1=Ligaya |first1=Armina |title=Canada's largest cryptocurrency exchange Quadriga seeks creditor protection |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/canada-s-largest-cryptocurrency-exchange-quadriga-seeks-creditor-protection-1.4282216 |accessdate=5 February 2019 | work = CTV News |publisher=BellMedia |date=4 February 2019 |ref=CTV-Lig-Feb4 | deadurl = No | archivedate = 5 February 2019 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205145700/https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/canada-s-largest-cryptocurrency-exchange-quadriga-seeks-creditor-protection-1.4282216 }} 3. ^{{cite news |last1=Pearson |first1=Natalie Obiko |title=Quadriga Should Shift to Bankruptcy Proceedings, Monitor Says |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-02/quadriga-should-shift-to-bankruptcy-proceedings-monitor-says |accessdate=5 April 2019 |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2 April 2019}} 4. ^{{cite news |last1=Roberts |first1=Jeff John |title=FBI Probing Bitcoin Exchange Quadriga Over Missing $136 Million, Source Alleges |url=http://fortune.com/2019/03/04/quadriga-fbi-bitcoin/ |accessdate=5 March 2019 |publisher=Fortune |date=4 March 2019}} 5. ^{{cite web | title =Inside Canada's Crypto Mystery | work = | publisher =CBC News | date =March 12, 2019 | url =https://www.cbc.ca/radio/frontburner/inside-canada-s-crypto-mystery-1.5052325 | accessdate =March 13, 2019 }} 6. ^{{cite news |last1=Hui |first1=Stephen |title=Geek Speak: Gerald Cotton, CEO of Quadriga CX |url=https://www.straight.com/life/587456/geek-speak-gerald-cotton-ceo-quadriga-cx |work=The Georgia Straight |date=14 February 2014 | deadurl = No | archivedate = 2 February 2019 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190202070639/https://www.straight.com/life/587456/geek-speak-gerald-cotton-ceo-quadriga-cx }} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite news |last1=Castaldo |first1=Joe |last2=Posadzki |first2=Alexandra |last3=Jessica |first3=Leeder |last4=Jones |first4=Lindsay |title=Crypto chaos: From Vancouver to Halifax, tracing the mystery of Quadriga’s missing millions |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-crypto-chaos-from-vancouver-to-halifax-tracing-the-mystery-of/ |accessdate=12 February 2019 |publisher=Globe and Mail |date=8 February 2019 |archive-url=http://archive.is/fcX5n#selection-3099.1-3099.19 |archive-date=8 February 2019 }} 8. ^{{cite news |title=Details emerging about Gerald Cotten, the young founder of QuadrigaCX |url=https://vancouversun.com/pmn/business-pmn/details-emerging-about-gerald-cotten-the-young-founder-of-quadrigacx/wcm/82859963-a082-4810-b040-9e60b4885f7d |accessdate=9 February 2019 |agency=The Canadian Press |publisher=Vancouver Sun |date=8 February 2019}} 9. ^{{cite news |last1=Butcher |first1=Jared |title=My smart contract just ate $14 million—now what? Re-thinking indemnification for smart contract risks |url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=c3e967ea-92a2-495b-a54a-0f46143f6833 |work=Lexology |date=12 June 2017 | deadurl = No | archivedate = 2 February 2019 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190202041843/https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=c3e967ea-92a2-495b-a54a-0f46143f6833 }} 10. ^{{cite news |last1=Alini |first1=Erica |title=‘I just want my money back.’ Couple had $100K wire stuck for months after trying to buy Bitcoin |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4090875/100k-wire-transfer-bitcoin-canada-quadriga-cx/ |work = Global News |date=27 March 2018| deadurl = No | archivedate = 2 February 2019 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190202075624/https://globalnews.ca/news/4090875/100k-wire-transfer-bitcoin-canada-quadriga-cx/ }} 11. ^{{cite news |last1=Lee-Young |first1=Joanne |title=Bitcoin investors face long delays cashing out, criticize two B.C. firms |url=https://vancouversun.com/business/local-business/bitcoin-investors-face-long-delays-cashing-out-criticize-two-b-c-firms | work = Vancouver Sun |date=15 April 2018 | deadurl = No | archivedate = 2 February 2019 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190202043202/https://vancouversun.com/business/local-business/bitcoin-investors-face-long-delays-cashing-out-criticize-two-b-c-firms }} 12. ^{{cite news |title=What happens when your bitcoin banker dies? |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2019/02/09/what-happens-when-your-bitcoin-banker-dies |accessdate=9 February 2019 |publisher=The Economist |date=7 February 2019}} 13. ^{{cite news |last1=Posadzki |first1=Alexandra |title=Vancouver crypto exchange, CIBC clash over frozen accounts |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-vancouver-crypto-exchange-cibc-clash-over-frozen-accounts/ |work = The Globe and Mail |date=9 October 2018 | deadurl = No | archivedate = 8 October 2018 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20181009065604/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-vancouver-crypto-exchange-cibc-clash-over-frozen-accounts/ }} 14. ^{{cite news |last1=Posadzki |first1=Alexandra |title=Judge rules with CIBC, grants possession of disputed Quadriga funds to Ontario Superior Court |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-judge-rules-with-cibc-grants-possession-of-disputed-quadriga-funds-to/ | work= The Globe and Mail |date=13 November 2018 | deadurl = No | archivedate = 24 January 2019 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190124200914/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-judge-rules-with-cibc-grants-possession-of-disputed-quadriga-funds-to/ }} 15. ^{{cite news |last1=Shubber |first1=Kadhim |title=The fintech ‘genius’ accused in $165m fraud |url=https://www.ft.com/content/82d17d1e-cae2-11e8-b276-b9069bde0956 |accessdate=5 March 2019 |publisher=Financial Times |date=8 October 2018}} 16. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Supreme Court of Nova Scotia |title=Pre-filing report of the proposed monitor |url=https://documentcentre.eycan.com/eycm_library/Quadriga%20Fintech%20Solutions%20Corp/English/1.%20Monitor's%20Reports/Proposed%20Monitor's%20Report/Pre-Filing%20Report%20of%20the%20Proposed%20Monitor.pdf |accessdate=7 February 2019 |page=12 |date=31 January 2019}} 17. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-quadriga-co-founder-served-time-in-us-for-role-in-identity-theft/|title=Quadriga co-founder served time in U.S. for role in identity-theft ring, documents reveal|last1=Castaldo|first1=Joe|date=28 February 2019|accessdate=5 March 2019|archiveurl=https://archive.is/eaxQH|archivedate=1 March 2019|publisher=Globe and Mail|last2=Posadzki|first2=Alexandra}} 18. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-19/from-fraud-to-fintech-quadriga-co-founder-s-past-crimes-emerge|title=Criminal Past Haunts Surviving Founder of Troubled Crypto Exchange|last1=Alexander|first1=Doug|date=19 March 2019|accessdate=20 March 2019|publisher=Bloomberg|last2=Robinson|first2=Matt}} 19. ^{{cite news |last1=Purohit |first1=Dishank |title=Crypto firm CEO with $190 million password did die in Jaipur hospital |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/man-with-190m-password-did-die-in-jaipur-hospital/articleshow/67876757.cms?from=mdr&fbclid=IwAR1QzXbiwC96b1M0xasSWpBOy48GR0aOv5O1LHNQi6tfviR1hZGetTu-te0 |accessdate=8 February 2019 |publisher=Times of India |date=7 February 2019}} 20. ^{{cite news |last1=Bill |first1=Chappell |title=Cryptocurrency Exchange Says It Can't Access $190 Million After CEO Unexpectedly Died |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/02/04/691296170/cryptocurrency-exchange-says-it-cant-access-millions-after-founder-s-unexpected |accessdate=5 February 2019 | work = National Public Radio |date=4 February 2019 | deadurl = No | archivedate = 6 February 2019 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190206042104/https://www.npr.org/2019/02/04/691296170/cryptocurrency-exchange-says-it-cant-access-millions-after-founder-s-unexpected }} 21. ^{{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Doug |title=Crypto Exchange Founder Filed Will 12 Days Before He Died |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-05/crypto-exchange-founder-filed-last-will-12-days-before-he-died |accessdate=8 February 2019 |publisher=Bloomberg |date=5 February 2019}} 22. ^{{cite news |last1=Brend |first1=Yvette |title=Quadriga CEO, whose death ignited a cryptocurrency storm, a kind man with taste for fine things, say friends |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/quadriga-gerald-cotton-friends-react-to-his-death-in-india-michael-patryn-canada-cryptocurrency-creditors-1.5009625 |accessdate=8 February 2019 |publisher=CBC News |date=7 February 2019}} 23. ^{{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Doug |title=Crypto Exchange Mystery Deepens as Board Seeks Court Protection |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-01/crypto-exchange-mystery-deepens-as-court-protection-sought |work = Bloomberg News |date=1 February 2019 | deadurl = No | archivedate = 2 February 2019 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190202095214/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-01/crypto-exchange-mystery-deepens-as-court-protection-sought }} 24. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=Millions in cryptocurrencies frozen in Canada after only person who had password dies in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/millions-in-cryptocurrencies-frozen-in-canada-after-only-person-who-had-password-dies-in-india/article26191522.ece |accessdate=7 February 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=6 February 2019 |language=en-IN}} 25. ^{{cite news |last1=Posadzki |first1=Alexandra |title=Crypto exchange Quadriga files for creditor protection |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-crypto-exchange-quadriga-files-for-creditor-protection/ | work = The Globe and Mail |date=31 January 2019 | archiveurl=https://archive.fo/Q56IT |archivedate=1 February 2019}} 26. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Shore |first1=Randy |title=Troubled Bitcoin trader QuadrigaCX takes another bizarre turn |url=https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/troubled-bitcoin-trader-quadrigacx-takes-another-bizarre-turn | work = Vancouver Sun |date=1 February 2019 | deadurl = No | archivedate = 3 February 2019 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190203085215/https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/troubled-bitcoin-trader-quadrigacx-takes-another-bizarre-turn }} 27. ^{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Cassie |title=Quadriga mystery deepens with little evidence of cold wallets containing $250M |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/quadriga-mystery-deepens-with-little-evidence-of-cold-wallets-containing-250m-1.5011573 |publisher=CBC News |accessdate=10 February 2019 |date=9 February 2019}} 28. ^{{cite news |last1=Vigna |first1=Paul |title=A Crypto-Mystery: Is $136 Million Stuck or Missing? |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-crypto-mystery-is-140-million-stuck-or-missing-11549449001 |accessdate=10 February 2019 |publisher=Wall Street Journal |date=7 February 2019}} 29. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Doug |title=Quadriga Crypto Mystery Deepens With ‘Cold Wallets’ Found Empty |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-01/quadriga-has-6-cold-wallets-but-they-don-t-hold-any-crypto |accessdate=6 March 2019 |publisher=Bloomberg |date=1 March 2019}} 30. ^{{cite web |last1=Telford |first1=Taylor |title=After founder’s sudden death, cryptocurrency exchange can’t access $190 million in holdings |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/02/04/cryptocurrency-company-owes-customers-million-it-cant-repay-because-owner-died-with-only-password/ |website=Washington Post |accessdate=5 February 2019 |language=en | deadurl = No | archivedate = 6 February 2019 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190206104931/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/02/04/cryptocurrency-company-owes-customers-million-it-cant-repay-because-owner-died-with-only-password/?utm_term=.1a01aa7c7563 }} 31. ^{{cite news |last1=Chappell |first1=Bill |title=Crypto Mystery: Quadriga's Wallets Are Empty, Putting Fate Of $137 Million In Doubt |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/03/06/700651500/crypto-mystery-quadrigas-wallets-are-empty-putting-fate-of-137-million-in-doubt |accessdate=8 March 2019 |publisher=NPR |date=6 March 2019}} 32. ^1 2 {{cite news |last1=Zraick |first1=Karen |title=Crypto-Exchange Says It Can’t Pay Investors Because Its C.E.O. Died, and He Had the Passwords |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/05/business/quadriga-cx-gerald-cotten.html |accessdate=7 February 2019 |publisher=New York Times |date=5 February 2019}} 33. ^{{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Doug |last2=Kharif |first2=Olga |title=Quadriga Accidentally Moved More Bitcoin to an Inaccessible Wallet |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-13/quadriga-accidentally-moved-more-bitcoin-to-inaccessible-wallet |accessdate=8 March 2019 |publisher=Bloomberg |date=13 February 2019}} 34. ^{{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Doug |title=Quadriga Founder's Widow Seeks Repayment of Her Costs |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-05/quadriga-founder-s-widow-asks-court-for-repayment-of-her-costs |accessdate=16 March 2019 |publisher=Bloomberg |date=5 March 2019}} 35. ^{{cite news |last1=Pearson |first1=Natalie Obiko |title=Quadriga Lawyer Withdraws Amid Conflict of Interest Concerns |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-15/quadriga-lawyer-withdraws-amid-conflict-of-interest-concerns-jtacj599 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |publisher=Bloomberg |date=15 March 2019}} 36. ^1 {{cite tweet| user = CoinDesk| number = 1091412803125157888| date = 1 February 2019| title = After the founder's death, 'Quadriga's inventory of crypto has become unavailable and some of it may be lost,' his widow told the court. She has his laptop, but it's encrypted and she does not have its password or recovery key.| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205172306/https://twitter.com/coindesk/status/1091412803125157888| archivedate = 5 February 2019| accessdate = 6 February 2019| deadurl = No }} 37. ^1 {{cite news | url = https://www.thechronicleherald.ca/news/local/nothing-sinister-about-bitcoin-company-ceos-sudden-death-friend-says-282508/| title = Nothing sinister about bitcoin company CEO's sudden death, friend says| work = Halifax Chronicle Herald| author = Nicole Munro| date = 7 February 2019| page = | location = | isbn = | language = | trans_title = | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190208233316/https://www.thechronicleherald.ca/news/local/nothing-sinister-about-bitcoin-company-ceos-sudden-death-friend-says-282508/| archivedate = 8 February 2019| accessdate = 10 February 2019| deadurl = No | quote = The 30-year-old Nova Scotia native died {{'}}while undergoing treatment at Fortis hospital in Jaipur,{{'}} India, states a Jawahar Circle police document. {{'}}According to the chief medical officer of the hospital, Jayant Sharma, it was a sudden death.{{'}}}} }} Further reading
External links
3 : 2013 establishments in Canada|Bitcoin exchanges|Companies based in Vancouver |
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