| 词条 | Queer ecology |
| 释义 |
Queer ecology is a broad interdisciplinary subject within the environmental humanities most noticeably combining the fields of queer theory and ecology. Through a number of various methods, queer ecology generally aims to deconstruct heterosexist notions that define the relationship between sexuality and nature. OverviewThe theoretical beginnings of queer ecology are often traced back to foundational texts in queer theory. Catriona Sandilands, a foremost scholar in the field, cites queer ecology's origins back to Michel Foucault’s The History of Sexuality (1976). Sandilands suggests Foucault “lays the groundwork for much contemporary queer ecological scholarship in his observation that, beginning in the nineteenth century, modern regimes of biopower came to conceive of sex as a specific object of scientific knowledge, organized through, on the one hand, a ‘biology of reproduction’ that considered human sexual behavior in relation to the physiologies of plant and animal reproduction, and on the other, a ‘medicine of sex’ that conceived of human sexuality in terms of desire and identity.”[1] Timothy Morton also sees queer ecology as born out of early texts which laid the groundwork for queer theory, such as Judith Butler’s Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (1990), specifically Butler’s idea of gender as a kind of culturally produced performance.[2] Extended to ecology, this idea helps dismantle other binary oppositions such as culture/nature, suggesting that nature is a constructed category that is performed as something separate by those who have categorized it (i.e. humans). In a similar manner to studying homosexual behavior in animals, scholars have also shown how “nature” contains aspects of queer performativity.[3]Queer ecology also emerged partly from the work done within the field of early ecofeminism, albeit rejecting its traits of essentialism, which suggested a type of metaphysical equation between women and the earth. Foundational ecofeminist texts such as Mary Daly’s Gyn/Ecology (1978), for example, “exposed the historical and cross-cultural persecution of women as legitimized by the various male-dominated institutions of religion, culture, and medical science . . . linking the physical health of women and the environment with the recuperation of a woman-centered language and thought.”[4] Efforts to merge ecofeminism with queer theory continued ecofeminism’s understanding that “racism, classism, and sexism are interconnected” and that there are “additional similarities between those forms of human oppression and the oppressive structures of speciesism and naturism.”[5] For more on ecofeminism, speciesism, and queer multispecies kinship, see the work by Donna Haraway.[6] Queer ecology, at its simplest, extends intersectional understandings developed in ecofeminism to ways sex and nature have been depicted (specifically the idea of certain types of sex—heterosexuality—as natural) in dominant non-queer culture. As a political theory that insists ecological and social problems are enmeshed, queer ecology has been compared to Murray Bookchin’s concept of social ecology.[7] The first attempt at articulating a specific notion of queer ecology was in the May 1994 issue of UnderCurrents: Journal of Critical Environmental Studies titled “queer nature.” The editorial essay points out the “disruptive power of any examination of the normative categories of nature and the natural from the perspective of queer identity” and that “a politics of nature can no longer be an articulation of white, male, heterosexual prescriptive or descriptive privilege.”[8] In 2015, UnderCurrents released an update to their original groundbreaking issue, titled “From Queer/Nature to Queer Ecologies: Celebrating 20 Years of Scholarship and Creativity.” They also produced a podcast on the “pasts, presents, and futures of queer ecological scholarship” in coordination with the release of the issue.[9] Scholarship has recently attempted to organize queer ecology’s discursive tendencies into structured genealogies. The seminal anthology Queer Ecologies: Sex, Nature, Politics, Desire (2010) summarizes queer ecology into three distinct fields of study: “investigations of the ‘sexuality’ of nature, the intersections between queer and ecological infections of bio/politics (including spatial politics), and the queering of environmental affect, ethics, and desire.”[10] ArtsVisual artists have begun taking queer ecology out of its theoretical concepts, applying queer ecology as a way to inform their practice. Lesbian National Parks and Services, for example, is a multimedia project developed by the Canadian performance art duo of Shawna Dempsey and Lorri Millan in 1997, queering the idea of national parks and “challenging the general public’s ideas of tourism, recreation, and the ‘natural’ environment."[11]The Institute of Queer Ecology is an artist collective that describes themselves as “collaborative organism looking to find and create alternatives” in order to “nurture a new environmental paradigm based on the concepts of interconnectivity and inseparability.”[12] They have participated in group shows, curated exhibitions, and edited “The Queer Issue” of the zine ECOCORE.[13] See also
Notes1. ^{{cite web |last1=Sandilands |first1=Catriona |title=Queer Ecology |url=https://keywords.nyupress.org/environmental-studies/essay/queer-ecology/ |website=Keywords for Environmental Studies |publisher=NYU Press}} 2. ^{{cite journal |last1=Morton |first1=Timothy |title=Quest Column: Queer Ecology |journal=PMLA |date=March 2010 |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=273–282 |jstor=25704424 |doi=10.1632/pmla.2010.125.2.273 }} 3. ^{{cite journal |last1=Barad |first1=Karen |title=Nature's Queer Performativity |journal=Qui Parle |date=Spring–Summer 2011 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=121–158 |jstor=10.5250/quiparle.19.2.0121 |doi=10.5250/quiparle.19.2.0121 }} 4. ^{{cite journal |last1=Gaard |first1=Greta |title=Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and Re-Placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism |journal=Feminist Formations |date=Summer 2011 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=26–53 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/article/448630|doi=10.1353/ff.2011.0017 }} 5. ^{{cite journal |last1=Gaard |first1=Greta |title=Toward a Queer Ecofeminism |journal=Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy |date=February 1997 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=114–137 |url=http://pantheresroses.koumbit.org/textes/ecology_toward_a_queer_ecofeminism.pdf|doi=10.1111/j.1527-2001.1997.tb00174.x |citeseerx=10.1.1.506.434 }} 6. ^{{cite book |last1=Haraway |first1=Donna |title=When Species Meet |date=2007 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis, MN |isbn=978-0-8166-5046-0}} 7. ^{{cite journal|last1=|first1=|date=2012|title=Queer ecology: A roundtable discussion|url=http://eje.wyrdwise.com/v3/EJE%20v3_Anderson%20et%20al.pdf|journal=European Journal of Ecopsychology|volume=3|pages=82–103|via=}} 8. ^{{cite journal |title=queer nature |journal=UnderCurrents: Journal of Critical Environmental Studies |volume=6 |url=https://currents.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/currents/issue/view/2157}} 9. ^{{cite journal |title=From Queer/Nature to Queer Ecologies: Celebrating 20 Years of Scholarship and Creativity |journal=UnderCurrents: Journal of Critical Environmental Studies |date=2015 |volume=19 |url=https://currents.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/currents/issue/view/2202}} 10. ^{{cite book |last1=Mortimer-Sandilands |first1=Catriona |last2=Erickson |first2=Bruce (eds.) |title=Queer Ecologies: Sex, Nature, Politics, Desire |date=2010 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=978-0-253-22203-9}} 11. ^{{cite web |title=Lesbian National Parks and Services |url=http://www.shawnadempseyandlorrimillan.net/#/alps/ |website=Shawna Dempsey and Lorri Millan}} 12. ^{{cite web |title=About IQECO |url=https://queerecology.org |website=The Institute of Queer Ecology}} 13. ^{{cite web |title=The Queer Issue |url=http://blog.ecocore.co/post/161432906369/ecocore-the-queer-issue |publisher=ECOCORE Zine}} External links
7 : Queer studies|Queer theory|Environmentalism|Environmental movements|Environmental humanities|Environmental studies|Environmental social science concepts |
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