1. History: 1960s–70s
    1964 general election  Enoch Powell, "Rivers of Blood" 

2. 1980s–1990s
    Margaret Thatcher   Apartheid  John Major ministry 

3. Tories in opposition: 1997–2010

4. 2010–present
    Accusations against Boris Johnson  May and Rudd: "Hostile environment" and Windrush  Support for Viktor Orbán  Accusations against Nadine Dorries 

5. See also

6. Notes

7. References

Allegations of racism in the Conservative Party have been made over recent decades. Conservative shadow defence minister Enoch Powell's "Rivers of Blood" speech in 1968 was both influential and widely regarded as anti-immigrant with racist overtones, although some Conservative MPs defended Powell's speech. Since then, accusations have been made about several leading members of the party and its policies; these have related to prejudice against non-white people.

History: 1960s–70s

1964 general election

In the constituency of Smethwick during the 1964 general election, supporters of Conservative candidate Peter Griffiths were reported to have used the slogan "if you want a nigger for a neighbour, vote Labour".{{sfn|Edwards|2008}} The Conservatives always denied the slogan was theirs, saying it was the work of far-right activists;{{sfn|Arnot|1993}} neo-Nazi British Movement leader Colin Jordan later claimed responsibility for originating the slogan.{{sfn|Jackson|2016|p=129}} However, during the campaign, Griffiths did not condemn the phrase and was quoted in The Times as saying, "I should think that is a manifestation of popular feeling. I would not condemn anyone who said that",{{sfn|Bleich|2003|p=48}} adding that the quote represented "exasperation, not fascism".{{sfn|Times correspondent|1964}}{{sfn|Stanley|2013}}

In 1964, a delegation of white residents of one Smethwick street successfully petitioned the Conservative council to compulsorily buy vacant houses to prevent people of colour from buying them. Richard Crossman, Labour housing minister, prevented this from happening by refusing to allow the council to borrow money to enact their policy.{{sfn|Jeffries|2014a}}

Griffiths was a personal supporter of segregation and wanted Smethwick to become "more like apartheid South Africa".{{sfn|Jeffries|2014a}} In his 1996 book, A Question of Colour?, he wrote, "Apartheid, if it could be separated from racialism, could well be an alternative to integration".{{sfn|Jeffries|2014a}}

Tim Stanley of The Telegraph notes that while "there were pockets of racism on the Left as well as the Right ... there's no denying that the Tory fringes became a bastion of ugliness that the present-day party is still trying to distance itself from".{{sfn|Stanley|2013}} He goes on to argue that this campaign had two legacies — initially, the degradation of race relations in the UK, which consequently "poisoned the debate over immigration" in the UK by "drag[ging] politics into the gutter".{{sfn|Stanley|2013}}

Enoch Powell, "Rivers of Blood"

The racialised debate and discourse over immigration in British politics are said to have become popularised by Conservative MP Enoch Powell's "Rivers of Blood" speech in April 1968, and the clamping down on postwar "new Commonwealth" non-white immigration while allowing concessions to the white-majority "old Commonwealth" (i.e. Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada).{{sfn|Travis|2002}} Reactions to the 1968 Race Relations Bill, which Powell's speech was aimed against, were considered "a turning point from biological racist discourses to cultural racist discourses", with Powell being the chief articulator of this "new racism" in British politics.{{sfn|Grosfoguel|2003|p=209}}

When asked whether he was "a racialist" by journalist David Frost, Powell said:

However, it was seen as a racist speech by many commentators, both at the time and today. The Times said in April 1968, following the speech:

Edward Heath also said in 1968 that the speech was "racialist in tone and liable to exacerbate racial tensions",{{sfn|Press release|1968}} and The Times went on to record incidents of racial attacks in the immediate aftermath of Powell's speech.{{sfn|Times correspondent|1968}} Despite this condemnation, according to most accounts, the speech was actually popular among a majority of the white British population at the time. The popularity of Powell's perspective on immigration may even have played a decisive factor in the Conservatives' victory in the 1970 general election.{{sfn|McLean|2001|pp=129–30}}{{sfn|Heffer|1999|p=568}}

An opinion poll commissioned by the BBC television programme Panorama in December 1968 found that eight percent of immigrants believed they had been treated worse by white people since Powell's speech.{{sfn|Heffer|1999|p=500}} Subsequent researchers have blamed the speech for leading to a rise in "Paki-bashing", i.e. violent attacks against British Pakistanis and other British Asians, which were unleashed shortly after the inflammatory speech. These attacks peaked during the 1970s–1980s.{{sfn|Ashe|Virdee|Brown|2016}} However, there is "little agreement on the extent to which Powell was responsible for racial attacks", although Hillman notes that in his speech, Powell "foreshadowed this debate by declaring that 'people are disposed to mistake predicting troubles for causing troubles'."{{sfn|Hillman|2008|p=89}} Powell however consistently refused to accept any blame for racial violence which occurred after his speech.{{sfn|Smithies|Fiddick|1969}}

Some leading Conservatives in the Shadow Cabinet were outraged by the speech. Iain Macleod, Edward Boyle, Quintin Hogg and Robert Carr all threatened to resign from the front bench unless Powell was sacked.{{sfn|Heppell|2012|p=86}} Labour MP Tony Benn also criticised Powell, likening the speech to "the flag of racialism" which "fluttered 25 years ago over Dachau and Belsen".{{sfn|Butler|Pinto-Duschinsky|1971|pp=159–160}} Consequently, Heath sacked Powell from his post as Shadow Defence Secretary. Some Conservative MPs on the right such as Duncan Sandys, Gerald Nabarro and Teddy Taylor spoke out against his sacking and defended Powell's comments.{{sfn|Heffer|1999|p=461}}

Powell later told a 1998 BBC Documentary that "racism is the basis of nationality".{{sfn|Cockerell|1995}} Later, Stuart Hall{{sfn|Hall|1998}} and Paul Foot both claimed that Powell was a racist, with Foot likening Powell's comments to the far-right arguments put forth by the British National Party and National Socialist Movement organisations of the 1960s.{{sfn|Foot|1969|pp=114–5}}{{sfn|Foot|1998|p=12}} Margaret Thatcher denied that Powell was a racist, saying that the "Rivers of Blood" speech had been misquoted in the press.{{sfn|Thatcher|1995|p=146}} Simon Heffer{{sfn|Heffer|1998|p=450}} and Patrick Cosgrave both absolve Powell of racial prejudice, with Cosgrave insisting that Powell was talking in terms of identity, not race.{{sfn|Cosgrave|1989|p=254}}

The Conservative government acknowledged that the 1971 Immigration Act would be seen as disproportionately benefiting "the 'white' Commonwealth", but Home secretary Reginald Maudling defended the partiality clause, saying it "recognized the family connection with the British diaspora abroad and was not a racial concept".^[1]

1980s–1990s

Margaret Thatcher

In 1978, while still leader of the opposition, Thatcher told ITV's World In Action that "People [in Britain] are rather afraid that this country might be swamped by people with a different culture", which was seen as politicising the issue of race in UK politics.{{sfn|Lynch|1999|p=51}} In 2014, the then Defence Secretary Michael Fallon had to apologise for saying that British towns were being "swamped" and "under siege [with] large numbers of migrant workers and people claiming benefits"; these comments were likened by freelance writer Stuart Jeffries in The Guardian, to Thatcher and Enoch Powell's rhetoric.{{sfn|Jeffries|2014b}} Matthew Parris argues that, as a clerk handling Thatcher's general correspondence at the time, he received 5,000 letters reacting to the interview, almost all of them positive.{{sfn|Parris|2014}} Fraser Nelson argued that Thatcher's speech was necessary to combat the rise of the National Front by using "plain-speaking" rhetoric to attract their voters.{{sfn|Nelson|2014}} Parris also argues that Thatcher regretted the tone of her speech in later years.{{sfn|Parris|2014}}

Race riots occurred Thatcher's Britain, such as those in St. Paul's (1980), Brixton and Toxteth (1981) and Tottenham (1985), which brought heightened political saliency to the 'race issue' in British politics.{{sfn|Latour|2009}} It is commonly assumed that the Conservative Party under Thatcher had adopted a strong assimilationist stance and was hostile to the concept of multiculturalism.{{sfn|Latour|2009}}

Apartheid

Former Conservative PM Margaret Thatcher was warned by her Foreign Secretary, Geoffrey Howe, that she would be seen as a "friend of apartheid" due to her government's refusal to impose sanctions on apartheid South Africa in the run-up to the 1986 Commonwealth Games. They were boycotted by 32 of the 59 eligible countries due to Britain's refusal to sever sporting ties with South Africa.{{sfn|Milmo|2016}} In his memoirs, he commented that "Margaret would quite rightly denounce the violence of ANC terrorism, but without ever acknowledging, even by the tone of voice, that the whole white-controlled repressive structure of the apartheid legal system was bound itself to provoke inter-racial conflict".{{sfn|Williams|2015|p=57}}

Thatcher also refused Howe's pleas to make a speech in the House of Commons condemning apartheid.{{sfn|Milmo|2016}} Patrick Wright, former head of the Diplomatic Service, alleged that Thatcher wanted "a whites-only South Africa".{{sfn|Khan|2018}} Conservative MP Terry Dicks described Mandela as a "black terrorist"; at the same time, the Federation of Conservative Students had conferences "littered" with "Hang Nelson Mandela" posters, and Conservative MP Teddy Taylor argued that "Mandela should be shot".{{sfn|Bevins|1996}}

Thatcher opposed sanctions imposed on South Africa by the Commonwealth and the European Economic Community (EEC).{{sfn|Campbell|2011|p=322}} She attempted to preserve trade with South Africa while persuading the government there to abandon apartheid. This included "[c]asting herself as President Botha's candid friend", and inviting him to visit the UK in 1984,{{sfn|Hanning|2013}} in spite of the "inevitable demonstrations" against his government.{{sfn|Campbell|2011|p=325}} Notes by Botha's foreign minister written on his 1984 trip to the UK claim that Thatcher told him that "apartheid had to be dismantled, Mandela and other prisoners released" as well as stopping the "forcible removal of urban blacks".{{sfn|Renwick|2015}}

Alan Merrydew of the Canadian broadcaster BCTV News asked Thatcher what her response was "to a reported ANC statement that they will target British firms in South Africa?" She replied, "when the ANC says that they will target British companies. This shows what a typical terrorist organisation it is. I fought terrorism all my life and if more people fought it, and we were all more successful, we should not have it and I hope that everyone in this hall will think it is right to go on fighting terrorism."{{sfn|Plaut|2018}}

Anti-apartheid activists saw Thatcher's comments as making excuses for the apartheid government while "placing the blame for government repression firmly on the side of the anti-government opposition"; however, Thatcher later acknowledged to a Conservative backbencher that:

The exclusion of blacks from the political process has inevitably led to increasing dissatisfaction. Although not to be condoned, this has been a powerful factor in impelling black political leaders to seek by violence what is denies them by the laws under which they live. The institutionalised discrimination and second-class status accorded to blacks in South Africa ... continues to be an affront to the rest of Africa and to those of us who live in a free society and uphold its values.{{sfn|Williams|2015|pp=57–9}}

During his visit to Britain five months after his release from prison, Nelson Mandela praised Thatcher: "She is an enemy of apartheid ... We have much to thank her for",{{sfn|Hanning|2013}} but noted that they were in disagreement on how to end the practise.{{sfn|Renwick|2015}}

Anti-apartheid activist Reverend Desmond Tutu was highly critical of the attitude of the Conservative Party and Thatcher towards apartheid. In the 1980s, he also condemned Western political leaders, including Thatcher, for retaining links with the South African government, stipulating that "support of this racist policy is racist".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=257}} He and his wife boycotted a lecture given at the Federal Theological Institute by former British Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home in the 1960s; Tutu noted that they did so because the Conservative Party had "behaved abominably over issues which touched our hearts most nearly".{{sfnm|1a1=Du Boulay|1y=1988|1p=77|2a1=Allen|2y=2006|2p=105}}

In 1989, future Prime Minister David Cameron went on a "sanctions-busting jolly" to South Africa with the anti-sanctions Conservative Research Department, for which he was criticised by veteran anti-apartheid campaigner and Labour MP Peter Hain.{{sfn|Dejevsky|2009}}

John Major ministry

Major's ministry was marked to a greater effort to acknowledge Britain's cultural and ethnic diversity yet continue with a "dual interventionist strategy" of combining immigration controls with anti-discriminatory measures. Major's attempts to liberalise attitudes towards race and immigration within the party were often opposed by the party's grassroots.{{sfn|Latour|2009}}

In December 1990, the Cheltenham Conservative Association tried to deselect John Taylor after he was selected by Central Office to become the Conservative candidate for Cheltenham in the 1992 general election.{{sfn|Gammell|Beckford|2014}} The campaign was seen as having been influenced by racism,{{sfn|Green|2014}} with Taylor's Caribbean background reportedly causing concern to some members of the local Conservative constituency association.{{sfn|BBC|2001}} Bill Galbraith, an opponent of Taylor's candidacy, said that the Conservative Central Office should not have "foisted" a "bloody nigger" upon the people of Cheltenham.{{sfn|Rule|1990|p=3}} Central Office expelled Gailbraith over the issue.{{sfn|Latour|2009}} Taylor's inability to win such a safe seat for the Tories has "often been attributed to the alleged racial prejudice of the local Tory electorate and to the ambivalence, to say the least, of the local Conservative association".{{sfn|Latour|2009}}

Labour accused the Conservative Party of "playing the race card" in the 1991 Langbaurgh by-election, by needlessly emphasising the race and place of birth (Haridwar, Uttar Pradesh, India) of the local candidate, Ashok Kumar. The then Deputy Leader of the Labour Party Roy Hattersley called the campaign on race "the dirtiest campaign I have known since the Tories did very similar things in Smethwick, 27 years ago".{{sfn|Latour|2009}}

In 1994, African American civil rights minister Jesse Jackson garnered controversy by seemingly comparing the Conservative Party's policies to racism, fascism and apartheid, saying: "We must no longer allow the clock to be turned back on human rights or put up with political systems which are content to maintain the status quo. In South Africa the status quo was called racism. We rebelled against it. In Germany it was called fascism. Now in Britain and the US, it is called conservatism".{{sfn|Los Angeles Times|1994}} Jackson's comments were condemned by Conservative MP Peter Bottomley as "stereotypical ignorance".{{sfn|Los Angeles Times|1994}}

Tories in opposition: 1997–2010

In 2001 Edgar Griffin, father of Nick Griffin, was sacked from the party due to his support for his son's far-right British National Party. Griffin claimed to have rank and file Tory support for his views, which included financial subsidies for "the coloured folk" to leave the UK.{{sfn|Chrisafis|2001}} This, combined with Conservative MP John Townend's claim that immigrants were "undermin[ing]" the purity of Britain's "homogeneous Anglo-Saxon society" and were causing a rise in crime rates across the UK{{sfn|Sparrow|2001}} led Conservative MP Andrew Lansley to say that there was "endemic racism in the Tory party".{{sfn|Sylvester|Johnston|2001}}

2010–present

Accusations against Boris Johnson

As editor of The Spectator, Boris Johnson was strongly criticised for allowing columnist Taki Theodoracopulos to publish racist and antisemitic language in the magazine,{{sfn|Purnell|2011|p=193}}{{sfn|Byrnes|2003}} including the claim that black people have lower IQs than white people.{{sfn|Standard|2008}}

In 2002, Johnson described black people in The Telegraph as "piccaninnies" with "watermelon smiles",{{sfn|Bowcott|Jones|2008}} and his 2006 comparison between the frequently changing leadership of the Conservatives to cannibalism in Papua New Guinea drew criticism from the country's high commission.{{sfn|Gimson|2012|p=266}} In April 2016, in an article for The Sun, in response to the removal of a bust of Winston Churchill from the Oval Office following Barack Obama's inauguration, Johnson wrote that Obama was motivated by "the part-Kenyan president's ancestral dislike of the British Empire – of which Churchill had been such a fervent defender".{{sfn|Borger|2018}} The comments were described as "deeply offensive" by Churchill's grandson, Conservative MP Sir Nicholas Soames, who called the article "deplorable" and "completely idiotic".{{sfn|BBC|2016}} Obama called Johnson the British version of Donald Trump following the article, and was "taken aback" by the perceived racial connotations of Johnson's remarks.{{sfn|Borger|2018}}

May and Rudd: "Hostile environment" and Windrush

The use of "Go Home" vans to deter illegal immigration to the UK was criticised as dog-whistle racism by Labour's Diane Abbott,{{sfn|Taylor|Gidda|Syal|2013}} as well as impractical. The Observer wrote that, "The government's hostile-environment policy, in which private citizens such as landlords are obliged to check people's papers, increases discrimination against people with foreign names and is ineffective at reducing illegal immigration. Yet it has pursued this policy to win support from voters it fears might otherwise back the far right."{{sfn|Observer editorial|2018}}

Amber Rudd was the Home Secretary following Theresa May, and served under May's premiership as Prime Minister. Although Rudd was seen as a more socially liberal Conservative with a relaxed attitude towards race and immigration,{{sfn|Walsche|2018}} her 2016 conference speech was criticised by the leader of the Labour Party, Jeremy Corbyn, as fanning "the flames of xenophobia and hatred" by forcing firms to declare the percentage of foreign workers they employ.{{sfn|Cowburn|2016}}{{sfn|Cockburn|2016}} LBC radio host James O'Brien likened the speech to Chapter 2 of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf;{{sfn|Cockburn|2016}} this analogy was criticised by Ed West in The Spectator.{{sfn|West|2016}}

As part of the "hostile environment" policy, many citizens of the Windrush generation — some who had lived in Britain for more than half a century — were wrongly deported in what became known as the "Windrush scandal".

Rudd, May and Conservative Party chairman Brandon Lewis were accused by some, such as Hugh Muir and Hannah Jane Parkinson in The Guardian, of institutional racism by defending a policy which disproportionately affected black Britons.{{sfn|Muir|2018}}{{sfn|Parkinson|2018}} British Afro-Caribbean academic Kehinde Andrews wrote for CNN: "Public and political pressure has forced {{sic|Prime Minster}} Theresa May to apologize. But it was her Conservative Party's policies that created the scandal in the first place", adding that "The treatment of the Windrush generation is appalling, but unfortunately not surprising. Racism is as British as a cup of tea."{{sfn|Andrews|2018}} Parkinson also accused the government of racist hypocrisy, in that it was forcing the Windrush generation of British nationals to prove their identity to stay in the UK, while lessening restrictions on foreign oligarchs.{{sfn|Parkinson|2018}}

In April 2018, it was revealed that the Home Office had come up with targets for removing illegal immigrants from the UK, a policy of which Home Secretary Rudd denied all knowledge, despite writing in a private letter to May of an "ambitious but deliverable" target for an increase in the enforced deportation of immigrants.{{sfn|Grierson|2018}}^[2] The Shadow Home Secretary, Diane Abbott, said that "immigration officials may have been looking for soft targets in the shape of West Indian pensioners who don't have hot shot lawyers", and the Shadow Minister for Diverse Communities, Dawn Butler, accused Theresa May of "presiding over a government that has policies that are institutionally racist".{{sfn|BBC|2018}} Rudd resigned on 30 April 2018 in the aftermath of the scandal, saying that she had "inadvertently misled" MPs over targets for removing illegal immigrants.{{sfn|BBC|2018}}

Support for Viktor Orbán

In September 2018, as member of ACRE, Conservative MEPs supported the right-wing populist Hungarian Prime Minister, Viktor Orbán, against a motion to censure him in the European Parliament. Conservative sources told The Independent that the opposition to the vote was in order to gain "brownie points" from Orbán's administration in order to make him more amenable to a post-Brexit trade deal. The Conservatives were the only governing conservative party in western Europe to vote against the censure.{{sfn|Watts|2018}}

The Board of Deputies of British Jews accused the Conservative government of defending Hungary's "appalling track record" of "vivid antisemitism", saying: "we are very alarmed by the messages at the heart of Orbán's election campaign, including his comments about 'Muslim invaders', calling migrants poison, and the vivid antisemitism in the relentless campaign against Jewish philanthropist George Soros."{{sfn|Watts|2018}} Only one Conservative MEP voted in favour of the motion (Baroness Mobarik), with two abstentions (Charles Tannock and Sajjad Karim).{{sfn|Watts|2018}} The Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) said that the Conservative Party was giving "bigotry a free pass" and viewing the rights of minorities, including Muslims, Jews and immigrants as "expendable as support is sought for the government's Brexit position".{{sfn|Watts|2018}}

Accusations against Nadine Dorries

In February 2019, Nadine Dorries referred to Ash Sarkar as prospective Labour Party MP Faiza Shaheen, an action which was subsequently criticised by Sayeeda Warsi and others.^[3][4][5] It emerged that Dorries had previously made allegedly racist remarks about Chuka Umunna in 2013, and Yasmin Alibhai-Brown and Sadiq Khan in 2018.^[3][6][7][5]

See also

• Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party
• Islamophobia in the UK Conservative Party (2016–present)
• Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party

Notes

References

• {{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=John |title=Rabble-Rouser for Peace: The Authorised Biography of Desmond Tutu |year=2006 |publisher=Rider |location=London |isbn=978-1-84-604064-1 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |last1=Andrews |first1=Kehinde |title=Racism is as British as a cup of tea (Opinion) |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/19/opinions/racism-as-british-as-a-cup-of-tea-opinion-intl/index.html |accessdate=21 August 2018 |work=CNN |date=19 April 2018 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite news|last1=Arnot|first1=Chris|title=Malcolm X in the Black Country: Chris Arnot revisits Smethwick, where the Black Power leader claimed coloured people were being treated "like the Jews under Hitler"|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/malcolm-x-in-the-black-country-chris-arnot-revisits-smethwick-where-the-black-power-leader-claimed-coloured-people-were-being-treated-like-the-jews-under-hitler-1495312.html|accessdate=17 March 2015|work=The Independent|date=3 March 1993|ref=harv}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Ashe |first1=Stephen |last2=Virdee |first2=Satnam |last3=Brown |first3=Laurence |title=Striking back against racist violence in the East End of London, 1968–1970 |journal=Race & Class |date=2016 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=34–54 |doi=10.1177/0306396816642997 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5327924/ |issn=0306-3968 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |author1=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1304393.stm |title=Profile: Lord Taylor of Warwick |publisher=BBC News |date=30 April 2001 |accessdate=26 January 2014 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite news| author1=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36112694|title=Obama hits back at Boris Johnson's alleged smears|work=BBC Newsbeat|date=22 April 2016|accessdate=18 April 2018|ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |author1=BBC |title=Immigration removal targets 'to be axed' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-43902599 |accessdate=16 August 2018 |work=BBC News |date=26 April 2018 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |last1=Bevins |first1=Anthony |title=Nelson Mandela: From 'terrorist' to tea with the Queen |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/from-terrorist-to-tea-with-the-queen-1327902.html |accessdate=14 August 2018 |work=The Independent |date=9 July 1996|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last1=Bleich |first1=Erik |title=Race: Politics in Britain and France: Ideas and Policymaking Since the 1960s|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|year=2003|isbn=0521811015|ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |title='Trump with better hair': how Obama White House saw Boris Johnson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/may/31/trump-with-better-hair-how-obama-white-house-saw-boris-johnson |accessdate=9 September 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=31 May 2018 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |last1=Bowcott |first1=Owen |last2=Jones |first2=Sam |title=Johnson's 'piccaninnies' apology |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/jan/23/london.race |accessdate=14 August 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=23 January 2008 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |last1=Byrnes |first1=Sholto |title=A racist rant too far? Police investigate Taki the playboy pundit |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article134737.ece |deadurl=y |accessdate=30 August 2018 |work=The Independent |date=1 February 2003 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001031948/http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article134737.ece |archivedate=1 October 2007 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|first1=David|last1=Butler|first2=Michael|last2=Pinto-Duschinsky|title=British General Election of 1970|url={{Google books|9JKuCwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}}|date=2 July 1971|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-01095-0|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=John|year=2011|orig-year=First published 2003|title=Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady|url={{Google books|RfHYhcFWbm4C|plainurl=yes}}|volume=2|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4464-2008-9|ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |last1=Chrisafis |first1=Angelique |title=BNP contoversy: 'I'm a normal conservative' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/aug/25/uk.conservatives |accessdate=14 August 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=25 August 2001 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |last1=Cockburn |first1=Harry |title=The Amber Rudd speech being compared to Hitler's Mein Kampf |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/amber-rudd-conservative-party-conerence-hitler-mein-kampf-james-obrien-a7347251.html |accessdate=15 August 2018 |work=The Independent |date=5 October 2016 |ref=harv}}
• {{citation |last1=Cockerell |first1=Michael |title=Odd man out: a portrait of Enoch Powell |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dc26aTCwyYM |publisher=BBC Documentary |date=11 November 1995 |accessdate=14 August 2018 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last1=Cosgrave |first1=Patrick |title=The Lives of Enoch Powell |publisher=Bodley Head|year=1989 |location=London|ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |last1=Cowburn |first1=Ashley |title=Here's how Jeremy Corbyn responded to Theresa May's conference speech |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-theresa-may-speech-response-immigrants-labour-statement-a7346381.html |accessdate=15 August 2018 |work=The Independent |date=5 October 2016 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |last1=Dejevsky |first1=Mary |title=Cameron's freebie to apartheid South Africa |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/camerons-freebie-to-apartheid-south-africa-1674367.html |accessdate=14 August 2018 |work=The Independent |date=25 April 2009 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last1=Du Boulay |first1=Shirley |year=1988 |title=Tutu: Voice of the Voiceless |location=London |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |isbn=9780340416143 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |author1=Editorial |title=An evil speech |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/archive/article/1968-04-22/11/1.html |accessdate=15 August 2018 |work=The Times |via=Times Archive |subscription=y |date=22 April 1968 |page=11 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite news|last1=Edwards|first1=Kathryn|title=Powell's 'rivers of blood' legacy|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/7343256.stm|accessdate=17 March 2015|agency=BBC|publisher=BBC News|date=18 April 2008 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last1=Foot |first1=Paul |title=The Rise of Enoch Powell: An Examination of Enoch Powell's Attitude to Immigration and Race |publisher=Penguin|year=1969 |location=Harmondsworth |ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |last1=Foot |first1=Paul |title=Beyond the Powell |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/foot-paul/1998/03/powell.htm |accessdate=14 August 2018 |work=Socialist Review|via=Marxist Internet Archive |issue=217 |date=March 1998 |page=12 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |last1=Freedland |first1=Jonathan |title=Profile: Michael Howard |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/oct/31/conservatives.politicalcolumnists |accessdate=9 September 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=31 October 2003 |ref=harv}}
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• {{cite book |last1=Gimson |first1=Andrew |title=The Rise of Boris Johnson |edition=second |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2012 |ref=harv}}
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• {{cite news |last1=Muir |first1=Hugh |title=The Windrush scandal is institutional racism, pure and simple|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/30/windrush-scandal-institutional-racism-amber-rudd-discrimination-black-britons |accessdate=15 August 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=30 April 2018 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |last1=Nelson |first1=Fraser |title=How Maggie's 'swamped' comment crushed the National Front|url=https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2014/10/how-maggies-swamped-comment-crushed-the-national-front/ |accessdate=31 August 2018 |work=Coffee House |publisher=The Spectator |date=29 October 2014}}
• {{cite news |last1=Parkinson |first1=Hannah Jane |title=The Tories' latest campaign tactic? Blaming Labour for hepatitis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/may/01/tories-latest-campaign-tactic-blaming-labour-hepatitis |accessdate=16 August 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=1 May 2018|ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |last1=Parris |first1=Matthew |title=As Maggie's clerk I was swamped by racist bilge |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/as-maggies-clerk-i-was-swamped-by-racist-bilge-6vh8dvbfm2g |accessdate=31 August 2018 |work=The Times |date=29 October 2014 |subscription=y |ref=harv}}
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• {{cite news |last1=Sparrow |first1=Andrew |title=I refuse to keep quiet on race, says rebel MP |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1328295/I-refuse-to-keep-quiet-on-race-says-rebel-MP.html |accessdate=14 August 2018 |work=The Telegraph |date=28 March 2001|ref=harv}}
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• {{cite news |author1=Standard |title=Boris says sorry over 'blacks have lower IQs' article in the Spectator |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/mayor/boris-says-sorry-over-blacks-have-lower-iqs-article-in-the-spectator-6630340.html |accessdate=30 August 2018 |work=Evening Standard |date=2 April 2008}}
• {{cite news |last1=Stanley |first1=Tim |authorlink1=Tim Stanley |title=Peter Griffiths and the ugly Tory racism of the 1960s killed rational debate about immigration |url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/timstanley/100248091/peter-griffiths-and-the-tory-racism-of-the-1960s-killed-rational-debate-about-immigration/ |accessdate=15 August 2018 |work=The Telegraph |date=28 November 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201001553/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/timstanley/100248091/peter-griffiths-and-the-tory-racism-of-the-1960s-killed-rational-debate-about-immigration/ |deadurl=y |archivedate=1 December 2013 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |last1=Sylvester |first1=Rachel |last2=Johnston |first2=Philip |title=Racism 'endemic in Tory party' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1339163/Racism-endemic-in-Tory-party.html |accessdate=14 August 2018 |date=31 August 2001 |work=The Telegraph |ref=harv}}
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• {{cite news |last1=Travis |first1=Alan |title=1971: Ministers saw law's 'racism' as defensible |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/jan/01/uk.race |accessdate=15 August 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=1 January 2002 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Walsche |first1=Garvan |title=Don't Blame Amber Rudd for Britain's Racist Immigration System |journal=Foreign Policy |date=3 May 2018 |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/05/03/dont-blame-amber-rudd-for-britains-racist-immigration-system/ |accessdate=15 August 2018 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |last1=Watts |first1=Joe |title=Conservatives are backing far-right Viktor Orban to boost Theresa May's Brexit plans, say Muslim Council of Britain |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/conservatives-viktor-orban-brexit-theresa-may-muslim-council-far-right-racist-immigration-a8536116.html |accessdate=13 September 2018 |work=The Independent |date=13 September 2018 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite news |last1=West |first1=Ed |title=It's absurd to compare Amber Rudd's immigration speech to Mein Kampf |url=https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2016/10/absurd-compare-amber-rudds-immigration-speech-mein-kampf/ |accessdate=15 August 2018 |work=Coffee House |publisher=The Spectator|date=11 October 2016 |subscription=y |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Elizabeth M.|title=The Politics of Race in Britain and South Africa: Black British Solidarity and the Anti-apartheid Struggle|url={{Google books|d18TBwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}}|date=30 March 2015|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-78076-420-7|ref=harv}}

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