“Alcalá la Real”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

image_caption = View on the city with the Town Hall in the foreground and La Mota fortress in the background.|

Geography

Alcalá la Real is situated {{convert|71|km}} from the provincial capital, Jaén, and {{convert|53|km}} from Granada, on the slopes of La Mota, a hill in the Sierra Sur. It has an area of 261.36 km².^[2] The town is dominated by a large Moorish fortress around which, some centuries ago, the settlement evolved.

Alcalá la Real is connected to the Guadalquivir valley via the Guadajoz tributary.

History

Remains from the Palaeolithic to the Bronze Age show the human presence in the area in Prehistoric times. It has been hypothesized that this was one of the last places inhabited by Neanderthal Man. Despite the presence of remains from the Iberians, dating to the late Bronze Age, the first traces of urban structures (perhaps identifiable with the ancient Sucaelo) date to the Roman times. Archaeological findings include a marble statue of Hercules, now in the National Archaeological Museum of Spain at Madrid.

After the Muslim conquest in 713, the town was renamed Qal'at (قلعة), an Arabic term meaning "fortified city". In the following centuries, Umayyad caliph Al-Hakam II (971–976) had a series of watchtowers built to defend the city from the Viking/Norman incursions; today 12 of the 15 original towers remain. Around the year 1000 the main of these tower, the Mota, became a true fortress, one of the mainstays of the Al-Andalus defence against the Christian Reconquista. In the 12th century it was the fief of the Banu Said family, and became known as Qal'at Banu Said, or Alcalá de Benzaide^[3] in Christian sources.^[4]

After the dissolution of the caliphate and its fragmentation in a series of taifa small kingdoms, Qa'lat was a stronghold of the Kingdom of Granada. From here numerous raids were launched against Jaén and other frontier areas of the Kingdom of Castile. The city was finally captured on 15 August 1341 by Alfonso XI of Castile, who conceded it the title of "Real" (Royal), which after that was part of its name.^[5]

Alcalá remained under the jurisdiction of Jorquera until 1364, when king Peter I gave it the privilege of a Government Council, under the royal crown and the state of Villena. It was elevated to the rank of city in 1432 by king John II. After a flourishing period, the conquest of Granada in 1492 stripped Alcalá of its strategical importance. The population started to move from the upper hill to the now safer slopes, thus gradually creating the current settlement. The city remained under the marquisses of Villena until the early 16th century, when the centralism introduced by the Catholic Monarchs started to reduce the power of the barons, although the marquisate remained in existence until the 19th century. The depopulation of the La Mota hill ended after the Peninsular War against the Napoleonic troops who occupied the fortress from 1810 and 1812. On retreat the Napoleonic forces set fire to the upper city, resulting in partial destruction of the Abbey Church.

During the Spanish Civil War, Alcalá was taken by the Nationalists, who held it until the end of the conflict. This did not save the city from considerable destruction, due to its vicinity to the hostilities.

Main sights

Economy

The economy is mostly based on olives and oil production. Other resources include cherries, shepherding, craftsmanship, plastic industry and metalworks.

The city's economy is growing at reduced speed if compared to the neighbouring towns, and numerous young people from Alcalá la Real move to Granada in search of jobs.

Twin towns

External links

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ine.es/nomen2/index.do?accion=busquedaRapida&subaccion=&numPag=0&ordenAnios=ASC&nombrePoblacion=Alcal%C3%A1%20la%20Real&botonBusquedaRapida=Consultar+selecci%F3n |title=Nomenclátor: Población del Padrón Continuo por Unidad Poblacional a 1 de enero |access-date=20 February 2019 |work=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |language=es}}
2. ^{{Cita web |work=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |title=Población, superficie y densidad por municipios. |url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&file=pcaxis&path=%2Ft43%2Fa011%2Fa1998%2Fdensidad%2F%2Fa2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053340/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&file=pcaxis&path=%2Ft43%2Fa011%2Fa1998%2Fdensidad%2F%2Fa2012 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=20 February 2019 |language=es}}
3. ^{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=L. P. |authorlink=L. P. Harvey |title=Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=td3tcLWvSNkC |year=1992 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-31962-9 |page=194}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=History of Alcalá la Real| date=2011|publisher=Consejería de Turismo de la Junta de Andalucía|url=http://www.andalucia.org/en/destinations/provinces/jaen/municipalities/alcala-la-real/history/}}
5. ^{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Alcalá|volume=1|page=517}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.figueres.cat/cat/content/913/connexio.html |title=Figueres i Alcalà la Real: l'agermanament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805044351/http://www.figueres.cat/cat/content/913/connexio.html |archive-date=5 August 2011 |work=Ajuntament de Figueres |access-date=20 February 2019 |language=ca}}