| 词条 | Raia Mutomboki |
| 释义 |
Paul Ngumbi Wangozi Isaac Chirambiza|headquarters=|area=North and South Kivu|opponents=Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda|active2=|motives=Defense of villages under attack from Hutu forces}} Raïa Mutomboki (Swahili "citizens in anger"[1]) are a militia operating in the Kivu provinces of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.[1] The group formed in 2005 to fight against Rwandan Hutu groups such as the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) as part of the Kivu conflict.[1]The group was founded by Pastor Jean Musumbu, who had defected from the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( in response to massacres by the FDLR.[2] Raïa Mutomboki is said to use a 'snowballing' recruitment strategy whereby a village is defended or liberated from FDLR or related forces and the males from that village are initiated into the group.[2] The group emerged and reemerged as a reaction to the Congolese Army's relative absence in North and South Kivu.[1] In 2011, the group was reinvigorated when infighting in the Congolese army caused them to withdraw from the fight in eastern provinces.[1] The group's existence is largely a result of the failure of the "policy of disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration" that was part of the Sun City that ended the Second Congo War.[1] By 2012, Raïa Mutomboki had stood accused by a United Nations Security Council panel of experts of the killing of more than 260 civilians.[3] Paul Ngumbi Wangozi, known as Sisawa, had reportedly been a leader of Raïa Mutomboki up until his death in battle with the Congolese army in September 2014.[4] A year later, his widow Cynthia surrendered along with 71 Raïa Mutomboki members to Congolese army forces.[5] In September 2018, Raïa Mutomboki militiamen allegedly gang raped 17 women in the Lubila region of South Kivu.[6] Child soldiers were said to be involved in the incident.[6] The assault was said to be led by Masudi Alimasi Kokodikoko, leader of a faction of Raïa Mutomboki at this time.[6] In 2018, a second leader of a Raïa Mutomboki faction, Isaac Chirambiza, was arrested by army forces on accusation of systematic rapes.[6] In April 2019, Kokodikoko was arrested by the army for the September 2018 gang rapes.[7] They were recently accused of voter intimidation in the 2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election.[8] The work of Nobel Peace Prize recipient Denis Mukwege helped raise awareness of sexual assault in the DRC.[6] See also{{portal|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
External links
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite web|url=https://thinkafricapress.com/drc-who-are-raia-mutomboki-south-kivu/|title=DRC: Who are the Raïa Mutomboki?|date=2013-07-17|website=Think Africa Press|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-06}} 2. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/report/99057/briefing-les-groupes-arm%C3%A9s-dans-l%E2%80%99est-de-la-rdc|title=Les groupes armés dans l’est de la RDC|date=2013-10-31|website=The New Humanitarian|language=fr|access-date=2019-04-06}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/04/04/congo-arrests-rebel-leader-wanted-for-mass-rape/|title=Congo arrests rebel leader wanted for mass rape|last=Reuters|date=2019-04-04|website=New York Post|language=en|access-date=2019-04-06}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2014/09/19/sud-kivu-chef-de-la-milice-raia-mutomboki-tue-aux-combats|title=Sud-Kivu : un chef de la milice Raïa Mutomboki tué aux combats|date=2014-09-19|website=Radio Okapi|language=fr|access-date=2019-04-06}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/south-kivu-71-ra-mutomboki-surrendered-and-transferred-goma-monusco|title=South-Kivu: 71 Raïas Mutomboki surrendered and transferred to Goma by MONUSCO - Democratic Republic of the Congo|website=ReliefWeb|language=en|access-date=2019-04-06}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web|url=https://mobile.nation.co.ke/news/africa/UN-experts-accuse-DR-Congo-warlord-of-mass-rape/3126394-4913558-m2ueal/index.html|title=UN experts accuse DR Congo warlord of mass rape - Daily Nation|website=mobile.nation.co.ke|access-date=2019-04-06}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2019/04/dr-congo-arrests-rebel-leader-wanted-mass-rape-190404185151244.html|title=DR Congo arrests rebel leader wanted for mass rape|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2019-04-06}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/01/05/dr-congo-voter-suppression-violence|title=DR Congo: Voter Suppression, Violence|date=2019-01-05|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-04-06|last3=t 1.212.290.4700|first3=NY 10118-3299 USA {{!}}}} 8 : 21st century in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Africa|North Kivu|South Kivu|Wars involving the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Wars involving Rwanda|Ongoing conflicts|Conflicts in 2019 |
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