| 词条 | Raid on St. John (1775) |
| 释义 |
|conflict=Raid on St. John (1775) |partof=the American Revolutionary War | image= File:A North View of Fort Frederick built by order of Hon. Col. Robert Monckton on the entrance of the St. John River in the Bay of Fundy, 1758 by Lt Thomas Davies National Gallery of Canada (no 6269).jpg | image_size = 300px |caption= Fort Frederick (Saint John, New Brunswick) |date= 27 August 1775 |place= Saint John, New Brunswick |result=American victory |combatant1={{flagicon|United States|1777}} United States of America |combatant2={{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}} |commander1={{flagicon|United States|1777}}Jeremiah O'Brien[1][2] Stephen Smith[3] |commander2={{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain|naval}} Captain Frederick Sterling |strength1= |strength2= |casualties1= |casualties2= }}{{Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Northern coast 1776-1781}}{{Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Nova Scotia theatre}} The Raid on St. John took place on 27 August 1775 during the American Revolutionary War. The raid involved American privateers from Machias, Maine attacking St. John, Nova Scotia (present day New Brunswick).[4] [5] [6] The privateers intended to stop the export of supplies being sent to the loyalists in Boston. This raid was the first hostile act committed against Nova Scotia and it resulted in raising the militia across the colony.[7] BackgroundDuring the American Revolution, Americans regularly attacked Nova Scotia by land and sea. American privateers devastated the maritime economy by raiding many of the coastal communities,[8] such as the numerous raids on Liverpool and on Annapolis Royal.[9] In June 1775, the American's had their first naval victory over the British in the Battle of Machias. In response to this defeat, in July 1775, the British sent two armed sloops, Diligence and Tatamacouche from Halifax to punish the Americans. On 12 July 1775, the British vessels confronted O'Brien in Unity and Portland Packet in the Bay of Fundy, where the Americans took the British ships.[10] The Machias Committee of Safety sent Captain Stephen Smith to capture the brig Loyal Briton at St. John, which was loading cattle and other supplies for the Army at Boston. [11] BattleOn 27 August 1775, Captain Stephen Smith, in a 4-gun American privateer from Machias, along with 40 men raided St. John and burned Fort Frederick and took the brig Loyal Briton under the command of Captain Frederick Sterling. The brig had 120 tones of sheep and oxen for the British forces in Boston. He also took a corporal and two privates, with two women and five children prisoner. John Anderson Esqr was also on board the brig.[12] The brigantine was owned by John Sempill (Semple) and the navigator was David Ross, who both escaped. The prisoners were released at Boston and sent back to St. John.[13] AftermathCaptain Edward Le Cras of HMS Somerset and HMS Tartar proceeded immediately to Annapols Royal to protect the town. The Governor requested two sloops-of-war to patrol the Bay of Fundy. Admiral Samuel Graves assigned Captain William Duddingston of HMS Senegal to the task. Graves also sent Le Cras to protect Halifax for the winter.[14] Governor Legge of Nova Scotia also called up militias from across the colony to be stood up.[15] In retaliation for the raid on St. John, the British executed the Burning of Falmouth. American privateers remained a threat to Nova Scotian ports for the rest of the war. See also
Notes1. ^[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924032737656#page/n134/mode/1up/search/fundy Captain Jeremiah O'Brien, Machias, Maine, p. 88] 2. ^[https://books.google.ca/books?id=XEMlAAAAMAAJ&q=rale&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=nova%20scotia&f=false The History of the State of Maine: From Its First Discovery, 1602 ..., Volume 2By William Durkee Williamson,pp. 431–432] 3. ^[https://archive.org/stream/spraguesjournalo01spra#page/130/mode/1up/search/smith Sprag's Journal of Maine's history, pp. 30–31] 4. ^[https://archive.org/stream/maritimeprovince00kerruoft#page/63/mode/1up p.63] 5. ^Naval Documents of the American Revolution, p. pp. 445–446 6. ^[https://archive.org/stream/ahistorynovasco01murdgoog#page/n574/mode/1up Murdoch. History of Nova Scotial, Vol. 2, p. 554] 7. ^CHAPTER_XXIV_AFFAIRS_ON_THE_ST_JOHN_DURING_THE_REVOLUTION 8. ^Benjamin Franklin also engaged France in the war, which meant that many of the privateers were also from France. 9. ^Roger Marsters (2004). Bold Privateers: Terror, Plunder and Profit on Canada's Atlantic Coast" , p. 87-89 10. ^[https://archive.org/stream/historyofamerica017401mbp#page/n110/mode/1up/search/fundy] 11. ^Naval Documents of the American Revolution, p. pp. 445–446 12. ^Naval Documents of the American Revolution, p. pp. 445–446 13. ^Naval Documents of the American Revolution Vol. 2, pp.4–5 14. ^pp. 68–69 15. ^[https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2321&context=dissertations_1 Faibisy, John Dewar, "Privateering and piracy : the effects of New England raiding upon Nova Scotia during the American Revolution,. 1775–1783." (1972).p. 26] ReferencesPrimary Sources
8 : Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving the United States|Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War|Privateering|Conflicts in 1775|Maritime history of Canada|Military history of Nova Scotia|Military history of New England|1775 in Nova Scotia |
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