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词条 Bethsaida
释义

  1. Bethsaida Julias

  2. Identification

     Early accounts  et-Tell  et-Tell during Bronze Age and Iron Age  el-Araj and el-Mesydiah 

  3. Bethsaida of Galilee

  4. One or two Bethsaidas?

  5. 1217 battle

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. Bibliography

  9. Further reading

  10. External links

{{distinguish|Bethesda (disambiguation)}}{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Bethsaida
|native_name = {{Hebrew|בית צידה}} (Bet Tsaida)
|alternate_name =
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Bethsaida

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|location = Golan Heights
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|coordinates = {{coord|32|54|36|N|35|37|50|E|type:city_region:IL|display=inline,title}}
|type =
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|built = 1st century BC
|abandoned = 65 AD
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|notes =
}}Bethsaida {{IPAc-en|b|ɛ|θ|ˈ|s|eɪ|.|ɪ|d|ə}}[1] (from Hebrew/Aramaic {{Hebrew|בית צידה}} beth-tsaida, lit. "house of hunting" or "fishing", from the Hebrew root {{Hebrew|צדה}} or {{Hebrew|צוד}}) is a place mentioned in the New Testament. Historians have suggested that the name is also referenced in rabbinic literature under the epithet Ṣaidan ({{Lang-he-n|צַידָן}}).[2][3]

Bethsaida Julias

A city east of the Jordan River, it is in a "desert place" (that is, uncultivated ground used for grazing), possibly the site at which Jesus miraculously fed the multitude with five loaves and two fish ({{Bibleref2|Mark 6:32}}; {{Bibleref2|Luke 9:10}}). It may be possible to identify this site with the village of Bethsaida in Lower Gaulanitis, which the tetrarch Herod Philip II raised to the rank of a polis in the year 30/31 CE (or 32/33 CE), and renamed it "Julias," in honor of Livia, the wife of Augustus. It lay near the place where the Jordan enters the Sea of Gennesaret.[4]

To this neighborhood, Jesus retired by boat with His disciples to rest a while. The multitude following on foot along the northern shore of the lake would cross the Jordan by the ford at its mouth, which is used by foot travelers to this day. The "desert" of the narrative is just the barrīyeh of the Arabs, where the animals are driven out for pasture. The "green grass" of {{Bibleref2|Mark 6:39}}, and the "much grass" of {{Bibleref2|John 6:10}}, point to some place in the plain of el-Baṭeiḥah, on the rich soil of which the grass is green and plentiful, compared to the scanty herbage on the higher slopes.

Identification

Early accounts

Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History, places Bethsaida on the eastern side of the Sea of Galilee.[5] The historian Josephus says that the town of Bethsaida - at that time called Julias ({{lang-gr|Ἰουλιάδα}}), was situated 120 stadia from the lake Semechonitis, not far from the Jordan River as it passes into the middle of the Sea of Galilee.[6] A 6th-century account written by Theodosius the archdeacon describes Bethsaida's location in relation to Capernaum, saying that it was six miles distant from Capernaum.[7][8] The distance between Bethsaida and Paneas is said to have been 50 miles.[9]

et-Tell

This city was said to be et-Tell, a ruined site on the east side of the Jordan on rising ground, 2 km from the sea. This distance poses a problem, however, insofar that if it were a "fishing village," it is situated far from the shore of the Sea of Galilee. In an attempt to rectify the problem, the following hypotheses have been devised:

  1. Tectonic rifting has uplifted et-Tell (the site is located on the Great African-Syrian Rift fault).
  2. The water level has dropped from increased population usage, land irrigation. In fact, excavation of Magdala's harbor has proven that the ancient water-level was much higher than it is today.&91;10&93;
  3. The Jordan River delta has been extended by sedimentation.

Recent archaeological excavations at site have revealed fishing gear, including lead weights used for fishing nets, as well as needle for repairing fishing nets, which indicate that most of the city's economy was based on fishing on the Sea of Galilee. Two silver coins from 143 BCE, as well as Slavonic bronze coins, bronze coins from the time of Alexander Jannaeus and one coin from the time of Philip the son of Herod, ruler of the Bashan, were discovered at the site.[11]

et-Tell during Bronze Age and Iron Age

Et-Tell was inhabited during the Bronze Age and Iron Age. The fortified town there is associated by researchers with the biblical kingdom of Geshur.

Recently, a group of twenty archaeologists led by Rami Arav have discovered a structure identified as a city gate. They tentatively identified the city with biblical Zer, a name used during the First Temple period.[12]

Archaeologists tend to agree that the capital of the kingdom of Geshur was situated at et-Tell, a place also inhabited on a lesser scale during the first centuries BCE and CE and sometimes identified with the town of Bethsaida of New Testament fame.[13] Imposing archaeological finds, mainly the Stratum V city gate, date to the post-Geshurite 8th century BCE, but there are indications, as of 2016, that the archaeologists are close to locating the 10th-century, that is: Geshurite, city gate as well.[13] The et-Tell site would have been easily the largest and strongest city to the east of the Jordan Valley during Iron II era.[14]

el-Araj and el-Mesydiah

Dissenters suggest two other sites as possible locations for Bethsaida: el-Araj and el-Mesydiah, also spelled el-Mes‛adīyeh. Both of these sites are located on the present shoreline, but preliminary excavations, including the use of ground penetrating radar, initially revealed only a small number of ruins dating from before the Byzantine period. Some were inclined to favor el-Mes‛adīyeh (a ruin and winter village of Arab et-Tellawīyeh){{dubious|Bad translation? A Bedouin tribe named et-T.?|date=December 2018}} which stands on an artificial mound about a mile and a half from the mouth of the Jordan. However, the name is in origin radically different from Bethsaida. The substitution of sīn for ṣād is easy, but the insertion of the guttural ‛ain is impossible. No trace of the name Bethsaida has been found in the district, but any one of the sites named would meet the requirements.

In 2017, archaeologists announced the discovery of a Roman bathhouse at el-Araj, which is taken as proof that the site was a polis in the Roman period.[15] The bathhouse was located in a layer below the Byzantine layer, with an intervening layer of mud and clay that indicated a break in occupation between 250 and 350 CE.[15] They also found what might be the remains of a Byzantine church, matching the description of a traveller in 750 CE.[15] On account of these discoveries, the archaeologists believe that el-Araj is now the most likely candidate for the location of Bethsaida.[15]

Bethsaida of Galilee

Bethsaida is described in {{Bibleref2|Mark 8:22–26}} as a town (κώμη) where Jesus met a blind man seeking healing. Jesus led the man outside the town before healing him and asked him not to return to the town, nor to inform the people of the town, after his sight was restored.

One or two Bethsaidas?

Many scholars maintain that all the New Testament references to Bethsaida apply to one place, namely, Bethsaida Julias. The arguments for and against this view may be summarized as follows:

  • Galilee ran right round the lake, including most of the level coastland on the east. Thus Gamala, on the eastern shore, was within the jurisdiction of Josephus, who commanded in Galilee.[16] Judas of Gamala[17] is also called Judas of Galilee.[18] If Gamala, far down the eastern shore of the sea, were in Galilee, a fortiori Bethsaida, a town which lay on the very edge of the Jordan, may be described as in Galilee.
  • But Josephus makes it plain that Gamala, while added to his jurisdiction, was not in Galilee, but in Gaulanitis.[19] Even if Judas were born in Gamala, and so might properly be called a Gaulanite, he may, like others, have come to be known as belonging to the province in which his active life was spent. "Jesus of Nazareth" was born in Bethlehem. Then Josephus explicitly says that Bethsaida was in Lower Gaulanitis .[20] Further, Luke places the country of the Gerasenes on the other side of the sea from Galilee ({{Bibleref2|Luke 8:26}}) – antípera tḗs Galilaias ("over against Galilee").
  • To go to the other side – eis tó péran ({{Bibleref2|Mark 6:45}}) – does not of necessity imply passing from the west to the east coast of the lake, since Josephus uses the verb diaperaióō of a passage from Tiberias to Taricheae.[21] But
  • #this involved a passage from a point on the west to a point on the south shore, "crossing over" two considerable bays; whereas if the boat started from any point in el-Baṭeiḥah, to which we seem to be limited by the "much grass", and by the definition of the district as belonging to Bethsaida, to sail to et-Tell or el-Araj, it was a matter of coasting not more than a couple of miles, with no bay to cross.
  • #No case can be cited where the phrase eis to peran certainly means anything else than "to the other side".
  • #Mark says that the boat started to go unto the other side to Bethsaida, while John, gives the direction "over the sea unto Capernaum" ({{Bibleref2|John 6:17}}). The two towns were therefore practically in the same line. Now there is no question that Capernaum was on "the other side", nor is there any suggestion that the boat was driven out of its course; and it is quite obvious that, sailing toward Capernaum, whether at Tell Ḥūm or at Khān Minyeh, it would never reach Bethsaida Julias.{{dubious|Impossible to understand.|date=March 2018}}
  • The words of Mark ({{Bibleref2|Mark 6:45}}), it is suggested,[22] have been too strictly interpreted: as the Gospel was written probably at Rome, its author being a native, not of Galilee, but of Jerusalem. Want of precision on topographical points, therefore, need not surprise us. But as we have seen above, the "want of precision" must also be attributed to the writer of {{Bibleref2|John 6:17}}. The agreement of these two favors the strict interpretation. Further, if the Gospel of Mark embodies the recollections of Peter, it would be difficult to find a more reliable authority for topographical details connected with the sea on which his fisher life was spent.
  • In support of the single-city theory it is further argued that
  • #Jesus withdrew to Bethsaida as being in the jurisdiction of Philip, when he heard of the murder of John the Baptist by Herod Antipas, and would not have sought again the territories of the latter so soon after leaving them.
  • #Medieval works of travel notice only one Bethsaida.
  • #The east coast of the sea was definitely attached to Galilee in AD 84, and Ptolemy (c. 140) places Julias in Galilee. It is therefore significant that only the Fourth Gospel speaks of "Bethsaida of Galilee".
  • #There could hardly have been two Bethsaidas so close together.
  • But:
  • #It is not said that Jesus came hither that he might leave the territory of Antipas for that of Philip; and in view of {{Bibleref2|Mark 6:30}}, and {{Bibleref2|Luke 9:10}}, the inference from {{Bibleref2|Matthew 14:13}} that he did so, is not warranted.
  • #The Bethsaida of medieval writers was evidently on the west of the Jordan River. If it lay on the east, it is inconceivable that none of them should have mentioned the river in this connection.
  • #If the 4th Gospel was not written until well into the 2nd century, then the apostle was not the author; but this is a very precarious assumption. John, writing after AD 84, would hardly have used the phrase "Bethsaida of Galilee" of a place only recently attached to that province, writing, as he was, at a distance from the scene, and recalling the former familiar conditions.
  • #In view of the frequent repetition of names in Palestine the nearness of the two Bethsaidas raises no difficulty. The abundance of fish at each place furnished a good reason for the recurrence of the name.

1217 battle

During the Fifth Crusade, the well-mounted crusader army led by King Andrew II of Hungary defeated Sultan Al-Adil I at Bethsaida on the Jordan River on 10 November 1217. Muslim forces retreated to their fortresses and towns.[23][24]

See also

  • The Sea of Galilee Boat
  • New Testament places associated with Jesus
  • Woes to the unrepentant cities, pronounced by Jesus and which include Bethsaida

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/bethsaida|title=Definition of Bethsaida|last=|first=|date=|website=Dictionary.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-22}}
2. ^Historical geographer Samuel Klein opines that this place is to be recognised in the name ציידן (Ṣaidan) of Mishnah Gittin 7:5, Mishnah Avodah Zarah 3:7, Mishnah Gittin 4:7 (BT Gittin 46a), and Jerusalem Talmud (Sheḳalim 6:2). Samuel Klein wrote: "`Bethsaida = Julias at the confluence of the Jordan in the lake, [a place] not proven in Jewish tradition.` (Sch.) – However, I suspect that Bethsaida occurs in the Talmudic literature called Ṣaidan. ...The fact that the name Ṣaidan (ציידן) is not preceded by the word 'Beth' (בית) presents no difficulty in explaining the two names as being identical, since similar things are more common among Galilean names (e.g. Maon and Meron; Beth-Maon and Beth-Meron)" (Klein 1915:167–168). Herbert Danby, in his English translation of the Mishnah, erroneously transliterated the proper name צידן in all places as "Sidon" in Phoenicia, even though Sidon is almost always spelt in Hebrew as צִידוֹן, with a waw (ו). Marcus Jastrow also follows the general view that צידן is none other than Sidon of Phoenicia. Conversely, the Yemenite Babylonian Talmud, punctuated by Yosef Amir, has distinguished between the two sites, assigning the vowels pataḥ and qamaṣ for Ṣaidan = צַידָן, but ḥiraq and ḥolam for the Phoenician city Sidon = צִידוֹן. German theologian H.W. Kuhn, citing archaeologist Richard A. Freund (Freund 1995:267–311), further supports this view, and writes: "The Rabbinic literature in which Bethsaida appears, as already mentioned, is never called 'Julias', but rather speaks of '(Beth-)saida' (ציידן = Ṣaidan, etc.; [whereas] בית ציידן = Beth ṣaidan, or anything similar, also does not appear in rabbinic texts), so like the canonical gospels, it uses this name for the village. From these texts I refer merely to one [village] presumably" (Kuhn 2015:[https://books.google.com/books?id=x_HUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA153&lpg=PA153&dq=%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9F&source=bl&ots=4JYJ3k-hgM&sig=ZosYlwBDHUoH9OJDN_s3lO_DIcg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL0r7PusDeAhXLZVAKHScoCjsQ6AEwCHoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false 153]). An anecdote has been passed down in the Midrash Rabba (Kohelet Rabba 2:11), where Hadrian asked Rabbi Yehoshua b. Hananiah about the preeminence of the Land of Israel over other lands, particularly where the Scripture (Deuteronomy 8:9) imputes of the country that it is "a land wherein you shall eat bread without scarceness, [and] you shall not lack any thing therein." When asked whether or not the country could produce for him three things: peppercorns, pheasants (phasianum) and silk, the rabbi brought for him peppercorns from Nasḥana, pheasants from Ṣaidan and silk from Gush Halav, – meaning, the place was reckoned as in the Land of Israel proper.
3. ^In the Jerusalem Talmud (Sheḳalim 6:2), after mentioning Lake Hulah and the Sea of Galilee, Saidan is then mentioned as a place where there was an abundance of different kinds of fish, as alluded to in Ezekiel [https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1247.htm#10 47:8–10], and where it was said of a certain river that "their fish shall be after their kinds." Klein has speculated that this Saidan refers to Bethsaida along the Jordan River (Klein 1915:167–168). Cf. Ishtori Haparchi, Kaftor wa-Ferach vol. 2, (3rd edition, published by ed. Avraham Yosef Havatzelet), chapter 11, Jerusalem 2007, p. 54 (note 30) (Hebrew).
4. ^Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XVIII, ii, 1; The Jewish War, II, ix, 1; III, x, 7; The Life of Flavius Josephus, 72.
5. ^{{cite book |last= Pliny the Elder |author-link= Pliny the Elder |title=Natural History |publisher= Harvard University Press |editor= H. Rackham |volume=2|edition= |date= 1947 |location= Cambridge|page=275 (book v, chapter xv, section 71) |language=English |url= |doi= |id= |isbn=|jfm=}}
6. ^Josephus, The Jewish War 3.10.7
7. ^Rami Arav & Richard Freund (eds.), Bethsaida: A City by the North Shore of the Sea of Galilee, vol. 3, Truman State University 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_KIKUyQHJNQC&pg=PR12&lpg=PR12&dq=530+CE,+Theodosius&source=bl&ots=a3zQ3I7PiN&sig=OX7o9BsmWflMC8uFbWvaql6wc-g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjC0NLQ57HeAhWG2KQKHT5CCjcQ6AEwDXoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false xii], {{ISBN|1-931112-38-X}}
8. ^{{cite journal |last=Tsafrir |first=Yoram |title=The Maps Used by Theodosius: On the Pilgrim Maps of the Holy Land and Jerusalem in the Sixth Century C.E. |journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers (Trustees for Harvard University) |volume=40|issue= |pages=129–145 |date=1986|jstor=1291534 |doi=10.2307/1291534 }}
9. ^{{cite book |last= Theodosius the archdeacon | author-link= |title=On the Topography of the Holy Land |publisher= Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society |translator= J.H. Bernard|volume= | edition= |date= 1893 |location= London |page=8 |language= English |url= |doi= |id= |isbn= |jfm= }}
10. ^F. D. Troche, “Ancient Fishing Methods and Fishing Grounds in the Lake of Galilee” Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 148,4 (2016) 290-91.
11. ^Aryeh Kindler, "The Coins of the Tetrarch Philip and Bethsaida", Cathedra 53, September 1989, pp. 26-24 (Hebrew)
12. ^{{cite web |last= Zieve |first= Tamara |title= Archaeologists Uncover Gate to Biblical City of Zer |url= https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Archaeologists-uncover-gate-to-biblical-city-of-Zer-561941 |website= The Jerusalem Post |accessdate= 11 July 2018}}
13. ^1 {{cite news |author=Philippe Bohstrom |title=Mighty Fortifications Found by Archaeologists Show Kingdom of Geshur More Powerful Than Thought |newspaper=Haaretz |date=20 July 2016 |url= http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/archaeology/1.732284 |accessdate=20 July 2016 }}
14. ^{{Cite journal |last= Na'aman |first= Nadav |date=2012 |title=The Kingdom of Geshur in History and Memory |journal=Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament |volume=26 |issue=1 |page=92 |doi= 10.1080/09018328.2012.704198 }}
15. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |newspaper= Haaretz |date= August 6, 2017 |title= The Lost Home of Jesus' Apostles Has Just Been Found, Archaeologists Say |author= Noa Shpigel and Ruth Schuster |url= http://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/1.805402}}
16. ^Flavius Josephus, The Jewish War, II, xx, 4.
17. ^Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XVIII, i, l.
18. ^Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XVIII, i, 6
19. ^Flavius Josephus, The Jewish War, II, xx, 6
20. ^Flavius Josephus, The Jewish War, II, ix, 1
21. ^Flavius Josephus, The Life of Flavius Josephus, 59
22. ^William Sanday, Sacred Sites of the Gospels, 42.
23. ^Jean Richard, The Crusades, c. 1071 – c. 1291. p. 298.
24. ^{{cite book |title=The Crusades: A History of One of the Most Epic Military Campaigns of All Time |author= Jonathan Howard |year= 2011 |location= |publisher= BookCaps Study Guides [for Kindle; Golgotha Press for paperback] |page= |isbn= 9781610428040 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=YWEUg5pMqJYC&pg=PT22&lpg=PT22&dq=%22jordan%22+%22King+Andrew%22+%221217%22+november+%22Bethsaida%22#v=onepage&q=%22jordan%22%20%22King%20Andrew%22%20%221217%22%20november%20%22Bethsaida%22&f=false |accessdate= 12 May 2015 }}

Bibliography

  • {{cite journal |last=Freund|first=Richard A.|authorlink= |title="The Search for the Bethsaida in Rabbinic Literature" |journal=Bethsaida: A City by the North Shore of the Sea of Galilee |volume=1 |pages= |publisher=Thomas Jefferson University Press |location=Kirksville, Mo. |language=English |url= |year=1995}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Klein|first=S.|authorlink=Samuel Klein (scholar) |title=Hebräische Ortsnamen bei Josephus |journal=Monatsschrift für die Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums |volume=59 |issue=7/9|pages=167–168 |publisher= |location= Breslau|language=German |year=1915 |jstor=23080489 }}
  • {{cite book|title=Bethsaida – Julias (et-Tell), the First Twenty-Five Years of Excavation (1987–2011)|url=https://books.google.com/?id=7itq6zYtSJwC |first=Heinz-Wolfgang|last=Kuhn|authorlink=|year=2015|isbn=978-3-525-54025-1|publisher=Vandenhoech & Ruprecht}}

Further reading

  • Arav R and RA Freund (2004) Bethsaida: A City by the North Shore of the Sea of Galilee Truman State University. {{ISBN|978-1-931112-39-0}}.
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090223114044/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Early%20History%20-%20Archaeology/Bethsaida-%20An%20Ancient%20Fishing%20Village%20on%20the%20shore Bethsaida: An Ancient Fishing Village on the shore of the Sea of Galilee ], 2001, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  • International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

External links

  • Bethsaida, Jacqueline Schaalje
  • [https://www.fromthegrapevine.com/nature/archaeologists-discover-lost-home-jesus-apostles "Archaeologists discover lost home of Jesus's Apostles" by Benyamin Cohen, The Grapevine, August 7, 2017]
  • {{ISBE|article=Bethsaida|url=http://biblehub.com/topical/b/bethsaida.htm#isb}}
{{fishing history|expanded=villages}}{{New Testament places associated with Jesus}}

4 : New Testament cities|New Testament Aramaic words and phrases|Fishing villages|Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee
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