1. Attacks

2. Disappearance of Santiago Maldonado

3. Death of Rafael Nahuel

4. Ideology

5. Reactions

6. Fraudulent Intelligence Services Operations

7. References

8. External links

Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche ({{lang-en|"Mapuche Ancestral Resistance"}}, RAM) is an alleged separatist organization{{fact|date=May 2018}} that operates near Patagonia in Argentina and Chile,{{fact|date=May 2018}} seeking to secede territories of both countries to create a Mapuche nation. Its existence is doubted.

Attacks

In 2012, policeman José Aigo was killed when he tried to check a truck heading to Aluminé. Two Chilean organizations belonging{{dubious|date=December 2018}} to RAM, "Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez" and the "Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres", took credit for the killing of the officer.^[2] However, years before, different media attributed their murder to poachers, which led to the arrest of the son of the mayor of San Martín de los Andes who would be one of the hunters who shot the policeman^[3]

One of the first attacks of 2017 was committed at the National Route 40, burning a truck. The driver, Luis Rastrelini,

commented that he was surprised by an improvised rock roadblock, and then was attacked by hooded men. They filled the truck with oil, and then made it explode with a molotov cocktail.^[2] Another attack took place in Bariloche. They burned two buildings, and left banners asking for the freedom of their leader, Facundo Jones Huala. Those banners featured their logo, composed by a mapuche shield and a rifle.^[2] They also attacked the estancias of the Italian clothing company Benetton Group at the Chubut Province. The watchman Evaristo Jones reported that they attacked and tortured him, stole his weapons and burned his shed, claiming that it was not an action against him but against the owners of the estancia.^[2] The organization has been accused of committing similar attacks against other employees and their families, burned forests and farming grounds, vandalized the farming vehicles and the electric service, and the vehicles in the nearby roads.^[7]

Disappearance of Santiago Maldonado

On August 1, 2017 people of the Lof Cushamen community protested for the freedom of the imprisoned member of the

RAM, Facundo Jones Huala, blocking a road near El Maitén, and were dispersed by the Argentine National Gendarmerie. Santiago Maldonado, a protester who supported the claims of the people blocking the road, was reported missing after that.^[4] Witnesses testified before judicial authorities that Maldonado was taken by Gendarmerie agents,^[5] and with the disappearance of Maldonado the RAM became known at national level in Argentina.^[6] On August 4, a group of hooded vandals attacked the "Casa del Chubut" building in Buenos Aires, with some media{{who|date=May 2018}} attributing the attack to a reaction of members of the RAM.^[7] The United Nations Committee on Enforced Disappearances has urged the Argentine government to search and locate Maldonado.^[8] The prosecution is investigating the disappearance of Maldonado as a case of forced disappearance.^[9]

Death of Rafael Nahuel

On 25 November, 2017 the federal forces carried out an eviction. In this context, the Albatross group of the Prefecture repressed rubber bullets and lead bullets to the members of the Lafken Winkul Mapu community. Rafael Nahuel, aged 22, died in the shooting.^[10] The autopsy confirmed that he died with a 9mm bullet, as those used by the Albatross group, ruling out a friendly fire.^[11] The Minister of Security said that the death of the young Mapuche had taken place in the context of a confrontation, and that the Mapuche possessed weapons of war. The search took place some time later, and no weapon was found.^[12] However, as the RAM kept control of the crime scene after the event, it was suspected that it could have been altered.^[11]

Ideology

The RAM released their manifesto on November 11, 2014. Their goal is to establish a mapuche nation, and they do not consider themselves Argentines or Chileans. They declared themselves enemies of capitalism and the state, and reject bureaucracy and the Argentine and Chilean laws. They also reject the Catholic Church, as the religion of a "winka" god. They call themselves "Weichafes", a term in Mapuche language that means "warrior". They consider the RAM prisoners to be political prisoners, and that they are victims of state terrorism. Aiming for self-determination, they consider that the armed insurrection would be a legitimate action. They welcome the help of non-Mapuche people, as long as they follow their leadership.^[1]

Facundo Jones Guala is the visible face and member of the RAM. He is currently held prisoner in Esquel, Chubut Province. He was interviewed by the TV program Periodismo para todos, and said: "There are things that I can not conceal, like my political and ideological doctrine. We support the use of political violence as a weapon of self-defense. We plan the Mapuche liberation as the reconstruction of our world. We are the armed wing of the Mapuche movement: we use molotovs, knives, sticks. More than that, we can't afford".^[2]

Reactions

Some minor political figures, such as the bishop of Bariloche Juan José Chaparro, doubted the actual existence of the RAM, and suggested that it was instead a deception crafted by the national government, with the purpose of justifying police repression with an alleged national enemy. Minister of security Patricia Bullrich denied it, and said that it was instead the RAM whose chose to be enemies of the state. Working alongside the governors of Chubut, Neuquén and Río Negro, Mariano Arcioni, Omar Gutiérrez and Alberto Weretilneck, the ministry of security wrote a report about the RAM, detailing all the information available about the group, including their attacks and the judicial cases started about them. She also announced that the national government and the three mentioned provinces would work together against the RAM.^[13]

Facundo Jones Huala is currently held prisoner in Argentina, and is on trial on terrorism charges. Chile asked for his extradition, to judge him for similar charges, but Argentina has refused to do so.^[14] The Argentine police has tried to drive them away from the estancias of the Benetton family, but were unsuccessful so far.^[14] The mapuche lonkos Camilo Nahuelquir and Raducindo Calfupan rejected the actions of the RAM, and pointed that their actions are not endorsed by the Mapuche populations.^[15]

Fraudulent Intelligence Services Operations

Since 2016 there was a profuse exchange of information between the Chilean and Argentine intelligence services on the implementation of the hypothesis of the internal enemy on both sides of the mountain range, Mapuche Ancestral Resistance (RAM) in the Argentine Patagonia, and the Arauco Malleco Coordinator (CAM) in the Chilean Araucanía.

President Mauricio Macri on June 27, 2017 offered Michelle Bachelet, president of Chile, to promptly resolve the extradition of Lonko Jonas Huala, who was detained that day by Gendarmerie on Route 40 and imprisoned in Bariloche. A day later, Argentine newspaper Clarín published the first of a long series of notes about the supposed guerrilla called RAM.^[16]

On August 16, 2017, Commander Fabián Méndez of the National Gendarmerie issued an order to his subordinates that "as of today there is no more talk of Mapuches but RAM." 47 Similarly, Noceti, Chief of Cabinet of the Ministry of National Security, said in a radio interview in reference to the members of the Ancestral Mapuche Resistance organization: "From now on any type of public activity that the RAM will be arrested and brought to trial. That is what is going to happen ... They will all be imprisoned, we have nothing to talk about, we will prosecute them. "^[17]

Under the name of "Operation Hurricane" in September 2017, Carabineros arrest and imprison in Chile Mapuche community members, accused of being terrorists of the CAM. In January 2018, the Public Prosecutor of that country reported that through technical expertise it had been detected the manipulation of the evidence that incriminated the detainees, and opened an investigation against the police force. The fraudulent operation is proven and in March then-President Sebastián Piñera accepted the resignation of Carabineros director Bruno Villalobos and General Gonzalo Blu.

In September 2017, Mahmud Aleuy travels to Buenos Aires to meet with Minister Bullrich giving him the transcript of a conversation on WhatsApp between the detainees about a supposed import of weapons from Argentina. After a complaint from the prosecutor in the Court of Guarantees of Temuco, it is verified that the eavesdropping carried out under the protection of the intelligence law are forged and, the investigation of the "Operation Hurricane", fraudulent; According to the expert reports, WhatsApp records and telephone recordings had been manipulated with false dialogues.

Prior to the verification of its falsity, the evidence was incorporated into the 180-page protocol drafted by specialists from the Ministry of Security on the "Mapuche subversion" in the region.^[18] Bullrich says he has "information coincident" with such data and based on This document reinforces its hypothesis of the existence of Mapuche terrorist groups in Patagonia and this is followed by the militarization of the region. Argentines and Chileans agreed to close border crossings, along with other measures.

After the verification that "Operation Huracán" was a fraud, the investigation into the alleged members of the CAM was annulled and a case was opened against the Directorate of Police Intelligence of Carabineros, DIPLOCAR, which caused a scandal in Chile.^[19] Meanwhile, Bullrich and the Argentine government did not comment on it.

References

External links

• [https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/informe_ram-_diciembre_2017.pdf Informe R.A.M.] {{es}}

• Arthur Forster
• Arthur Forsythe-Jones
• Arthur Fort
• Arthur Foss (tug)
• Arthur Foss (tugboat)
• Arthur Foster (footballer, born 1869)
• Arthur Foster (footballer, born 1894)
• Arthur F. Ostrander
• Arthur Foulkes
• Arthur Fox Jr.
• Arthur F. Pickard
• Arthur Francis
• Arthur Francis Bell
• Arthur Francisco Carmazzi
• Arthur Francis George Kerr
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• Arthur Francis Leach
• Arthur Francis O'Donel Alexander
• Arthur Francis Turner
• Arthur Franklin Mapes
• Arthur F. Raper
• Arthur Fraser Walter
• Arthur Frederic Brownlow fforde
• Arthur Frederick Broadbridge