| 词条 | Rifa-e-Aam Club |
| 释义 |
The Rifa-e-Aam Club ({{lang-ur|رفاہِ عام کلب}}, {{lang-hi|रिफ़ा-ए-आम क्लब}}) is a historic building in Lucknow, India. It is best known as the place where the Progressive Writers Movement was created.[1][2] HistoryThe building was constructed around 1860 by the Nawab of Awadh, who intended it to be a centre of the royalty's literary life in the region.[1][3] According to a local historian, the name derived from "rifa" or "happiness" and "aam" or "common", and suggested that the club offered happiness to the common man.[4][5] The club was open to everybody, and was thus a symbol of rebellion against local British clubs, which did not permit Indians to enter.[5] In subsequent years it became what The Economist described as "an important nationalist hangout".[6] It was one of the centres of nationalist, anti-British intellectual activity, frequented by individuals such as Munshi Premchand and Mohammad Amir Ahmad Khan.[2] In the 1900s it hosted meetings of the All-India Muslim League.[1] The club hosted a meeting of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League which led to the Lucknow Pact of 1916, which was also signed on the premises.[3][2] Mahatma Gandhi visited the building to give a speech on Hindu-Muslim unity on 15 October 1920[2][7][8] and on 26 April 1922 Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhbhai Patel made speeches at the club encouraging local people to intensify the Swadeshi movement.[9] The Progressive Writers Movement was created in 10 April 1936.[1] The building has not been well maintained in the decades since; one wing has become a hospital, another has been abandoned, and the courtyard is a rubbish dump.[6][1][3] The poor state of the building has led to local activism trying to get it recognized and protected as a heritage landmark by the government.[2][1][6][5] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite web|url=http://lucknowobserver.com/rifa-e-aam/ |title=Rifa-e-aam – Progressive Writing, Regressive Caretaking |work= The Lucknow Observer |access-date=28 November 2016 |date=5 August 2015}} {{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}2. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Rifa-e-Aam-From-literary-riches-to-rag-pickers-hub/articleshow/44872477.cms|title=Rifa-e-Aam: From literary riches to rag-pickers’ hub |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=23 November 2016}} 3. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=http://scroll.in/article/803027/a-century-on-the-site-of-the-historic-lucknow-pact-is-in-ruins|title=A century on, the site of the historic Lucknow Pact is in ruins|last=Rizvi|first=Uzair Hasan|newspaper=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=23 November 2016}} 4. ^{{cite news|title=Children draw attention to crumbling heritage building|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=The Hindustan Times|date=24 April 2015|url=http://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20150424/281672548487014/TextView}} 5. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Kids-move-city-to-save-Rifa-e-Aam-club/articleshow/47033279.cms|title=Kids move city to save Rifa-e-Aam club|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=23 November 2016}} 6. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21709035-battling-save-old-buildings-city-embarrassment-them-brick-brick|title=Brick by brick |date=22 October 2016 |newspaper=The Economist|issn=0013-0613|access-date=23 November 2016}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.tornosindia.com/mahatmas-speeches-stressed-on-harmony-and-cleanliness/|title=Mahatma’s Speeches Stressed On Harmony And Cleanliness « Tornos India|website=www.tornosindia.com|access-date=24 November 2016}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Battered-with-age-for-this-house-Gandhis-dream-is-still-alive/articleshow/54634928.cms |title=Battered with age, for this house Gandhi's dream is still alive |work=The Times of India |date= 2 October 2016 |author=Husain, Yusra |accessdate=24 November 2016}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-in-the-life-of-Nehru/articleshow/45140707.cms |title=Lucknow in the life of Nehru |work=The Times of India |date=13 November 2014 |author=Sharda, Shailvee |accessdate=24 November 2016}} 4 : Buildings and structures in Lucknow|1860s establishments in India|Tourist attractions in Lucknow|Clubs and societies in India |
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