| 词条 | Riro Kāinga |
| 释义 |
| name = Riro ʻa Kāinga | image = Riro Kainga Bust.jpg | caption = Bust of Siméon Riro Kāinga at Hanga Roa | succession = King of Rapa Nui | reign = 1892–1898/1899 | predecessor = Atamu Tekena | successor = | spouse = Véronique Mahute | issue = 4 | full_name = Timeone Riro ʻa Kāinga Rokoroko He Tau | birth_date = | birth_place = Mataveri | death_date = 1898/1899 | death_place = Valparaíso | burial_date = | burial_place = | father = Ngure a Pariko | mother = | religion = Roman Catholicism | signature = }} Siméon or Timeone Riro ʻa Kāinga Rokoroko He Tau{{sfn|Fischer|2005|page=150}} (died 1898 or 1899) was the last ‘ariki (king) of Rapa Nui from 1892 until his death.{{#tag:ref|Although Riro Kāinga and his predecessor Atamu Tekena held the title of king, their power and legitimacy in comparison with their predecessors are doubted. Historian Alfred Métraux wrote, "Although the islanders of to-day speak of the late kings, Atamu Te Kena and Riroroko, as if they were really kings, informants make it clear that they had very little in common with the ariki of olden days. Their power was of an indefinite, dubious nature, and they seem to have enjoyed none of the prerogatives of former ariki. Perhaps their only claim to the title lay in their descent-line; both belonged to the Miru group. Possibly if native civilization had continued, they might have been true kings. Personal pretension, supported by Chilean officers who needed a responsible intermediary to deal with the population, might have contributed toward the restoration of power to this fictitious and ephemeral royalty."[1]|group=note}} He ruled the island during a brief period of indigenous autonomy between Chile's initial annexation in 1888 and the country's reassertion of colonial authority in 1896. Kāinga died unexpectedly during a diplomatic trip to Chile to discuss the island's sovereignty with colonial authorities, leading to suspicions that he had been poisoned.{{sfn|Gonschor|2008|pages=66–70}}{{sfn|Fischer|2005|pages=152–154}} Early lifeKāinga was born at Mataveri, the son of Ngaure (or Ngure, the son of Pariko). His father was a follower of Torometi, a native strongman and supporter of French adventurer Jean-Baptiste Dutrou-Bornier. Kāinga was baptized Siméon (or Timeone) into the Roman Catholic faith by the French Picpus missionaries on 9 March 1879.{{sfn|Pakarati|2015a|page=9}}{{sfn|McCall|1997|pages=115–116}} He was a member of the Miru clan.{{sfn|Pakarati|2015a|page=9}}{{sfn|Fischer|2005|page=147}}{{sfn|Métraux|1937|pages=41–62}} After the 1892 death of Atamu Tekena, who had been appointed king by the Picpus mission, Kāinga and Enrique Ika a Tuʻu Hati were candidates for the throne. Although both were of royal descent, Ika was more closely related to Kerekorio Manu Rangi, the last undisputed ‘ariki mau, who died during an outbreak of tuberculosis in 1867.{{sfn|Fischer|2005|pages=91–92, 99, 101, 147}} Kāinga's cousin Maria Angata Veri Tahi 'a Pengo Hare Kohou, a Catholic catechist and prophet, organized many of the island's women in his support. He was probably seventeen to twenty-one years old at the time, and was elected primarily because of his good looks and Angata's influence.{{sfn|McCall|1997|pages=115–116}}{{sfn|Fischer|2005|page=147}} ReignKāinga adopted the epithet "Rokoroko He Tau", which had been used by Kerekorio, after his election. Angata arranged his marriage to Véronique Hitiairangi Renga Mahute (1874–1947), a Tahitian-born Rapa Nui woman adopted by a Rapa Nui couple who returned to the island in 1888. They had four children: three sons and one daughter. His descendants used the surname Rikoriko to signify their clan.{{sfn|Pakarati|2015a|page=9}}{{sfn|Fischer|2005|pages=147, 152–154}} His predecessor, Atamu Tekena, ceded Easter Island to Chile (represented by Captain Policarpo Toro) on 9 September 1888. However, the treaty of annexation was never ratified by Chile and Toro's colony failed. The Chilean government abandoned the settlement in 1892 due to political troubles on the mainland, which was embroiled in civil war, and this prompted the Rapa Nui to reassert their independence.{{sfn|Gonschor|2008|pages=66–70}} Like his predecessor, Kāinga ruled under a council of native leaders and the influence of the Catholic Church (represented by Angata and other native catechists).{{sfn|McCall|1997|pages=115–116}} He also appointed his opponent Ika as his prime minister.{{sfn|Pakarati|2015a|pages=10, 14}}{{sfn|Pakarati|2015b|pages=3–14}} During this period "the Rapanui under Riro Kāinga restored their government in even clearer forms than before the annexation, to the point where it might indeed have qualified as a State, so that its arbitrary second takeover by Chile in 1896 could be considered legally questionable as well."{{sfn|Gonschor|2008|page=94}} Unlike Tekena, Kāinga reasserted native rule by standing up to foreign residents (such as Charles Higgins) and restored a degree of peace and stability to the island.{{sfn|Fischer|2005|page=147}} European diseases and Peruvian slave raids had decimated the native population; by 1896 the island's population was 214, rebounding from a low of 110 in 1877.{{sfn|Fischer|2005|pages=152, 188}} After four years of neglect when no foreign ships visited Easter Island, Chile reasserted its sovereignty in 1896 by leasing the island to the Sociedad Ovejera Merlet & Cia (Merlet & Company Sheep Society). The company was headed by Enrique Merlet, who expanded the island's sheep ranch and appointed Alberto Sánchez Manterola its manager; Sánchez was also appointed the island's maritime sub-delegate. Merlet & Company, which employed one-fourth of the island's population, prohibited the display of the Rapa Nui flag and restricted the rights of the native population to the island's land and animals. The company persuaded the people to build a {{convert|3|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} wall around Hanga Roa and Moeroa, separating them from the ranch land and restricting them to the walled area.{{sfn|Gonschor|2008|pages=66–70}}[2] Merlet wrote to Kāinga, calling him an impostor and ordering him to stop calling himself king because he (Merlet) owned the island. Despite beginning on good terms, company manager Sánchez did not respect Kāinga's authority either. In 1898, the king and his men unsuccessfully attempted to discuss wages and working conditions with Sánchez. In retaliation, the Rapa Nui refused to work until the next Chilean ship arrived and could arbitrate their case. Sánchez and his armed guards marched to Hanga Roa to force the strikers back to work; the islanders refused to comply with his order, disarming one of his men in the confrontation.{{sfn|McCall|1997|pages=115–116}}{{sfn|Fischer|2005|page=152}} Death and legacyIn response to the abuses, Kāinga ignored warnings from his people and went to Valparaíso in late 1898 or early 1899 to air his grievances to the Chilean government. Accompanying him on the company's ship, the Maria Luísa, were the Rapa Nui soldiers of the Chilean Army's Maipo Regiment: Juan Tepano Rano, Juan Araki Tiʻa, and José Pirivato. On the day of their arrival, the regional intendant offered to forward Kāinga's case to the government; however, the king insisted on meeting as equals with Cilean president Federico Errázuriz Echaurren. The delegation was hosted by Merlet's men (Jeffries and Alfredo Rodríguez) at a local tavern, and the king was invited to stay with Rodríguez while the soldiers went to their barracks. During the evening, the king was encouraged to drink heavily; the next morning his men were informed that he had been sent to Carlos Van Buren Hospital, where he died of alcohol poisoning.{{sfn|Gonschor|2008|pages=66–70}}{{sfn|Fischer|2005|pages=152–154}} News of his death did not reach the island until March 1899.{{sfn|Pakarati|2015a|page=13}} Although Merlet said that the young king drank himself to death, Rapa Nui oral tradition asserts that he was poisoned on Merlet's orders while he was in the hospital. Kāinga was buried in a pauper's grave in Valparaíso.{{sfn|Gonschor|2008|pages=66–70}}{{sfn|Fischer|2005|pages=152–154}} After the king's death, Angata assumed nominal leadership of the Miru clan. Kāinga's relatives unsuccessfully attempted to restore the kingship, despite Sánchez' orders abrogating the institution and forbidding the islanders from choosing a new king.{{#tag:ref|Enrique Ika was proclaimed king in January 1900, and Moisés Tuʻu Hereveri was elected in 1901 and ousted in 1902. Rapa Nui historian Cristián Moreno Pakarati noted that they have been unjustly forgotten by Rapa Nui historiography.{{sfn|Pakarati|2015a|pages=13–15}}[2]|group=note}} Fearing for her life, his widow Véronique married a Chilean shepherd on 29 January 1900. In 1902, Chile appointed Juan Tepano as cacique in an attempt to end indigenous resistance.{{sfn|Gonschor|2008|pages=66–70}}{{sfn|Fischer|2005|page=155}} Angata led an unsuccessful 1914 revolt to overthrow the company's control,{{sfn|Gonschor|2008|pages=66–70}}{{sfn|Fischer|2005|page=154, 166–172}} and an independence movement has continued on the island.{{sfn|Gonschor|2008|pages=126–132, 185–193}} Kāinga's grandson, Valentino Riroroko Tuki, declared himself king of Rapa Nui in 2011.[3][4] Chilean President Michelle Bachelet repatriated Kāinga's remains to Easter Island in 2006, when they were received in a ceremony where the Rapa Nui flag flew alongside the Chilean flag. His surviving grandchildren (Benedicto, Valentino, Milagrosa, Ambrosio, Luís and María) participated in the ceremony. A bust of the king was erected by the Chilean Navy in front of the governor's office at Hanga Roa.[5]{{sfn|Gonschor|2007|page=244}} See also
Notes1. ^{{harvnb|Métraux|1937|page=42}} 2. ^{{cite news|last=Simonetti|first=Marcelo|title=El último Rey de la Isla de Pascua|date=12 November 2011|work=Enlace Mapuche Internacional|location=|url=http://www.mapuche-nation.org/espanol/html/articulos/art-163.htm|accessdate=26 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915091217/http://www.mapuche-nation.org/espanol/html/articulos/art-163.htm|archive-date=15 September 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}} 3. ^{{cite news|last=Simonetti|first=Marcelo|title=Los dominios del rey|date=16 October 2011|magazine=La Tercera|location=Santiago|url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/los-dominios-del-rey/|accessdate=26 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111122822/http://www.latercera.com/noticia/los-dominios-del-rey/|archive-date=11 November 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}} 4. ^{{cite news|last=Nelsen|first=Aaron|title=A Quest for Independence: Who Will Rule Easter Island's Stone Heads?|date=30 March 2012|magazine=Time|location=New York City|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2110365,00.html|accessdate=26 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327165728/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2110365,00.html|archive-date=27 March 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}} 5. ^1 {{cite news|last=|first=|title=Riro ʻa Kāinga|pages=5–8|date=May 2010|magazine=Moe Varua Rapa Nui|location=|url=https://issuu.com/moevarua/docs/27---mayo-2010|accessdate=26 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327172033/https://issuu.com/moevarua/docs/27---mayo-2010|archive-date=27 March 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}} References{{Reflist|30em}}Bibliography
|-{{S-bef|before=Atamu Tekena}}{{S-ttl|title=King of Rapa Nui|years=1892–1896}}{{S-non|reason=Chilean annexation}}{{s-pre}} |-{{S-non|reason=Chilean annexation}}{{S-ttl|title=King of Rapa Nui|years=1896–1898/1899}}{{S-aft|after=Enrique Ika}}{{s-end}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Riro Kainga}} 7 : Rapanui monarchs|History of Easter Island|Year of birth unknown|1898 deaths|1899 deaths|Roman Catholic monarchs|Converts to Roman Catholicism |
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