| 词条 | River Burn, North Yorkshire |
| 释义 |
| name = River Burn | name_other = Bourne Burne (archaic) | image = River Burn near Masham - geograph.org.uk - 436597.jpg | image_caption = River Burn near Masham | pushpin_map = North Yorkshire | pushpin_map_caption= Location of river mouth | subdivision_type1 = United Kingdom | subdivision_name1 = England | subdivision_type2 = County | subdivision_name2 = North Yorkshire | length = {{convert|12|mi|0}} | source1_location = Little Haw | source1_coordinates= {{coord|54|12|08.4|N|1|51|36.1|W}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|460|m|0|order=flip}} | mouth = River Ure | mouth_location = Masham | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|54|12|46.9|N|1|38|51.4|W}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|70|m|0|order=flip}} | river_system = River Ure | basin_size = {{convert|69.5|km2|0|order=flip}} | tributaries_left = Slee House Gill House Gill Low Gill Birk Gill Beck How Gill Gir Beck Sinney Keld Swinney Beck | tributaries_right = Spruce Gill Beck Pott Beck Sole Beck Eller Beck Den Beck | waterfalls = High House Farm }} The River Burn is a river that flows wholly within North Yorkshire, England. The river starts as several small streams on Masham Moor and drains Colsterdale flowing eastwards before emptying into the River Ure just south of Masham. Conservation work on removing a weir and introducing fish to the river in 2016 has meant that salmon have been recorded spawning in the river for the first time in over 100 years. HistoryDuring the Ice Age, a glacier forced water to build up in what are now the valleys that hold the Pott Beck and the River Burn. This created large lakes that deposited minerals such as limestone and chert.[1] The river flows over several types of bedrock (limestone, sandstone, mudstone and shale) which is covered by gravel and silty clay which is a result of riverine alluvia.[2] When tested in the 1990s, this alluvia was found to be the largest and coarsest of all sediment that was flowing out through the Humber basin.[3] The name of the river is from the Old English Burna (literally meaning a beck or a brook)[4][5] and has been written variously as either Bourne, Burne or Burn.{{sfn|Fisher|1865|p=21}} Curiously, unlike most other of the Yorkshire Dales, the name of the river does not lend itself to the valley that it flows through (Colsterdale).[6][7] The valley acquired its name in the 12th century when coal was mined in the upper reaches and transported down the valley by a track known as The Coal Road, which still exists today.[8] The dale is sometimes called the Burn Valley or the River Burn Valley.[9][10] As with many other ancient watercourses, the river was often the delineating point between parishes, in this case at the Swinton Estate, it was the dividing line between Healey and Kirkby Malzeard.{{sfn|Fisher|1865|p=30}} Whilst the River Burn Valley is not in Nidderdale, its upper reaches are included in the Nidderdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.[11] A desire to site reservoirs on the River Burn itself had been in the minds of the planners of the Leeds Corporation as far back as the turn of the 20th century. Work started on building a reservoir in 1904 at Gollinglith Foot, but had to be abandoned in 1906 due to landslips.[12] In 2016, a £20,000 project to remove a weir at Breary Banks on the river was completed. It was reported in 2017 that salmon had managed to negotiate this part of the river and spawn there for the first time in over 100 years. The project was part financed by ABP as part of the wider Green Port Hull Project which was initiated to aid migratory fish through the Humber Basin.[13] To help with this project, the Ure Salmon Trust released over 30,000 salmon smolts into the river to encourage adult salmon to return in later years.[14] The removal of the weir would also benefit other fish (sea trout, brown trout, grayling, elvers, bullhead, stoneloach and brook lamprey) to migrate further upriver to reproduce.[15] The damming of Pott Beck to create the reservoirs at Leighton and Roundhill, had a detrimental effect on the migration of the fish through Colsterdale.[16] Catchment areaThe river travels for {{convert|12|mi}}{{sfn|Bogg|1894|p=281}} and drains over {{convert|69.5|km2|0|order=flip}} of moorland and farmland as it flows towards the River Ure. The river has been designated as being "heavily modified" by the Environment Agency and the water quality is moderate but projected to be good by 2027.[17][17] Along with the rivers Bain, Cover, Laver, Skell and Tutt, the river is noted as being one of the main tributaries of the River Ure.[18] CourseThe valley that the river runs through has been described as an "exquisite valley".[19] The river starts on the moorland west of Masham and astride the watershed that feeds water to Coverdale (to the north) and Nidderdale (to the south). It is named the River Burn from where New House Gill and Thorny Crane Gill meet, however it has been traditionally taken as starting as a small fountain on the hill of Great Haw.[20]{{sfn|Bogg|1894|p=281}} The river flows at first across the peat moorland which overlies the coal measures and millstone grit beneath,[21] and over waterfalls at High House Farm.[22] The cascades around High House Farm have revealed the Red Scar Grit Sandstone that overlies the coal and both sandstone and coal were mined and quarried in the area; most of these workings were down in the steep valley carved by the river.[23][24][25] This upper section flows through a narrow "V-shaped" valley that rises from {{convert|180|m|0|order=flip}} from the riverbed to {{convert|330|m|0|order=flip}} at the rim of the valley.[11] This section of the river is designated as part of the East Nidderdale Moors SSSI because of the ancient woodland at Birks Gill, the birdlife and fauna it supports.[26] It runs east towards Masham and is joined by numerous becks and is also home to three ancient, semi-natural woodlands; Hall Wood, Fearby Low Moor and Hawkswell Wood.[27] Where the Pott Beck joins, the river valley flattens out and becomes less steep sided and craggy.[28] The lower reaches of the river have been heavily modified for clean water purposes with the building of the two reservoirs at Leighton and Roundhill, which lie on the Pott Beck tributary.[29] As the river passes through Masham Golf Course (which straddles both banks of the river) it flows under the grade II listed High Burn Bridge.[30] Just before the river flows into the Ure, it passes under Low Burn Bridge which carries the road between Masham and Grewelthorpe. The present bridge was built in 1715 and is now a grade II listed structure.[31] A bridge had existed here previously but was only wide enough to take a single horse and was widened when financed by a local man in his will in 1623.{{sfn|Fisher|1865|p=64}} The river joins the Ure just south of Masham town[32] and the section of bedrock it flows over at this point is magnesian limestone deposits.[33] EconomyThe river is used extensively for fishing and has many access points. A significant stretch of the river in its lower reaches on emptying into the River Ure is owned by the Swinton Park estate.[34] As with many other rivers, the Burn Valley was home to several mills and industries that were water powered.[35] The former saw mill at Healey is now a grade II listed dwelling.[36] Just west of the saw-mill site is Swinton Trout Farm which supplies trout for the fishing on the Swinton Estate and at Leighton Reservoir.[37][38] The weir at Breary banks was constructed to allow for the collection of fresh water for the navvy construction camps at Leighton and Roundhill for the reservoirs. This was later used for the same purposes at the army camp at Breary Banks when recruits from Leeds (the Leeds Pals) were training for the First World War.[39] Both the weir and the waterwheel were the subject of an archaeological study before the weir was removed in 2016.[40] Notes1. ^{{cite book|last1=Tyson|first1=Leslie Owen|title=Mashamshire collieries|date=2007|publisher=Northern Mine Research Society|location=Sheffield, Yorkshire|isbn=9780901450623|page=8}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Giles|first1=J R A|last2=Cooper|first2=A H|last3=Smart|first3=J G A|last4=Wilson|first4=A A|title=The sand and gravel resources of the country around Bedale, North Yorkshire.|date=1982|publisher=H.M.S.O.|location=London|isbn=0-11-884319-2|page=8}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Walling|first1=Desmond E|last2=Owens|first2=Phillip N|last3=Waterfall|first3=Ben D|last4=Leeks|first4=Graham J L|last5=Wass|first5=Paul D|title=The particle size characteristics of fluvial suspended sediment in the Humber and Tweed catchments, UK|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|date=January 2000|issue=251|pages=209–215|publisher=Elsevier|location=Amsterdam|issn=0048-9697}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Horsfall Turner|first1=J|title=Yorkshire place names : as recorded in the Yorkshire Domesday Book, 1086|date=1908|publisher=Turner|location=Bingley|page=242|oclc=181784558}} 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Ekwall|first1=Eilert|title=English river-names.|date=1968|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-869119-X|page=43}} 6. ^Wensleydale is the other major oddity, but it was named Uredale/Yoredale for some time. 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Horsfall Turner|first1=J|title=Yorkshire place names : as recorded in the Yorkshire Domesday Book, 1086|date=1908|publisher=Turner|location=Bingley|page=253|oclc=181784558}} 8. ^{{cite news|last1=Reid|first1=Mark|title=Walks around Colsterdale|work=The Northern Echo|issue=2015-064|date=12 March 2015|page=39|issn=2043-0442}} 9. ^{{cite magazine|last1=Parry|first1=Steve|title=North Yorkshire with Steve Parry|magazine=Cycling Weekly|date=6 June 2013|pages=62–65|publisher=IPC Media|location=Croydon|issn=0951-5852}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=8 Upper Pott Beck Valley Reservoirs {{!}} Harrogate Borough Council|url=https://www.harrogate.gov.uk/downloads/file/1163/8_upper_pott_beck_valley_reservoirs|website=www.harrogate.gov.uk|accessdate=2 November 2017|page=2|format=PDF}} 11. ^1 {{cite web|title=6 Upper Colsterdale Valley {{!}} Harrogate Borough Council|url=https://www.harrogate.gov.uk/downloads/file/1165/6_upper_colsterdale_valley|website=www.harrogate.gov.uk|accessdate=2 November 2017|page=1|format=PDF|date=February 2004}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=WW1 Heritage trail, Colsterdale, near Masham|url=https://www.nidderdaleaonb.org.uk/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Walks/WW1%20Heritage%20Trail_web.pdf|website=nidderdaleaonb.org.uk|accessdate=31 October 2017|page=2|format=PDF}} 13. ^{{cite web|last1=Mann|first1=Jayne|title=Salmon are spawning along the River Burn in North Yorkshire for the first time in 100 years - Rivers Trust|url=http://www.theriverstrust.org/2017/06/21/salmon-spawning-along-river-burn-north-yorkshire-first-time-100-years/|website=theriverstrust.org|accessdate=29 October 2017|date=21 June 2017}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=Humber River Basin’s migratory fish to benefit from Greenport Hull funding {{!}} Associated British Ports|url=http://www.abports.co.uk/newsarticle/296/|website=www.abports.co.uk|accessdate=29 October 2017|date=19 April 2016}} 15. ^{{cite news|last1=Minting|first1=Stuart|title=Conservation group boosts hopes for migrating salmon in Dales river|url=http://www.gazetteherald.co.uk/news/14498531.Conservation_group_boosts_hopes_for_migrating_salmon_in_Dales_river/|accessdate=2 November 2017|work=Gazette & Herald|date=17 May 2016}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=Home {{!}} Ure Salmon Trust|url=https://www.uresalmon.org.uk/|website=www.uresalmon.org.uk|accessdate=31 October 2017}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=Burn from Leighton Beck to River Ure|url=http://environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027069310|website=environment.data.gov.uk|accessdate=2 November 2017}} 18. ^1 {{cite web|title=River Factfiles; The Swale, Ure and Ouse Catchment|url=http://www.environmentdata.org/archive/ealit:1269/OBJ/19001143.pdf|website=environmentdata.org|publisher=Environment Agency|accessdate=29 October 2017|page=3|format=PDF}} 19. ^{{cite news|last1=Manby|first1=Frederic|title=Stately home is where the heart is|url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/stately-home-is-where-the-heart-is-1-2378966|accessdate=29 October 2017|work=The Yorkshire Post|date=14 July 2006}} 20. ^{{cite web|title=Burn from Source to Leighton Beck|url=http://environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027069300|website=environment.data.gov.uk|accessdate=2 November 2017}} 21. ^{{cite web|title=37 Ilton to Nutwith Wooded Upland Fringe Grassland {{!}} Harrogate Borough Council|url=https://www.harrogate.gov.uk/downloads/file/1170/37_ilton_to_nutwith_wooded_upland_fringe_grassland|website=www.harrogate.gov.uk|accessdate=2 November 2017|page=1|format=PDF}} 22. ^{{cite news|last1=Wilkinson|first1=George|title=Foot work|url=http://www.gazetteherald.co.uk/news/7949358.Foot_work/|accessdate=2 November 2017|work=Gazette & Herald|date=9 December 2000}} 23. ^{{cite web|title=Colsterdale Colliery - Northern Mine Research Society|url=http://www.nmrs.org.uk/mines-map/coal-mining-in-the-british-isles/yorkshire-coalfield/yorkshiredales/colsterdale/|website=nmrs.org.uk|accessdate=3 November 2017}} 24. ^{{cite web|last1=Everett|first1=Shirley|title=A Building Stone Atlas of North Yorkshire, West|url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=2484|website=bgs.ac.uk|accessdate=3 November 2017|page=23|format=PDF|date=May 2012}} 25. ^{{cite web|last1=Wilson|first1=Albert A|title=The geology of the country between Masham and Great Whernside|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9040/1/9040_5971-vol1.PDF|website=dur.ac.uk|publisher=Durham University|accessdate=3 November 2017|page=254|format=PDF|date=1957}} 26. ^{{cite web|title=East Nidderdale Moors (Flamstone Pin – High Ruckles)|url=https://necmsi.esdm.co.uk/PDFsForWeb/Citation/2000106.pdf|website=necmsi.esdm.co.uk|publisher=Natural England|accessdate=2 November 2017|format=PDF}} 27. ^{{cite web|title=38 River Burn Valley Farmland {{!}} Harrogate Borough Council|url=https://www.harrogate.gov.uk/downloads/file/1171/38_river_burn_valley_farmland|website=www.harrogate.gov.uk|accessdate=29 October 2017|page=2|format=PDF|date=February 2004}} 28. ^{{cite web|title=7 Upper River Burn to Pott Beck Confluence {{!}} Harrogate Borough Council|url=https://www.harrogate.gov.uk/downloads/file/1162/7_upper_river_burn_to_pott_beck_confluence|website=www.harrogate.gov.uk|accessdate=2 November 2017|format=PDF}} 29. ^{{cite web|title=Middle & Lower Ure Sub-Catchment Evidence Pack for the Water Framework Directive|url=http://www.yorkshiredalesriverstrust.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Middle-and-Lower-Ure-Sub-Catchment-Evidence-Pack.pdf|website=yorkshiredalesriverstrust.com|accessdate=29 October 2017|page=2|format=PDF}} 30. ^{{National Heritage List for England|num=1148122|desc=High Burn Bridge|grade=II|accessdate=3 November 2017}} 31. ^{{National Heritage List for England|num=1166868|desc=Low Burn Bridge|grade=II|accessdate=1 November 2017}} 32. ^{{cite web|title=Conservation area - Masham - Part 2 {{!}} Harrogate Borough Council|url=https://www.harrogate.gov.uk/downloads/file/2677/conservation_area_-_masham_-_part_2|website=www.harrogate.gov.uk|accessdate=3 November 2017|page=9|format=PDF|date=10 December 2008}} 33. ^{{cite web|title=Swale Ure and Ouse; Consultation Report|url=http://www.environmentdata.org/archive/ealit:1447/OBJ/19001128.pdf|website=environmentdata.org|publisher=Environment Agency|accessdate=2 November 2017|page=10|format=PDF|date=June 1997}} 34. ^{{cite web|title=Rivers & Reservoirs - Swinton Estate|url=http://swintonestate.com/the-estate/rivers-reservoirs/|website=swintonestate.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}} 35. ^{{cite web|title=Healey Conservation Area Character Appraisal|url=https://www.nidderdaleaonb.org.uk/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Planning/CAA_Healey.pdf|website=nidderdaleaonb.org.uk|publisher=Harrogate Borough Council|accessdate=31 October 2017|page=5|format=PDF|date=5 October 2011}} 36. ^{{National Heritage List for England|num=1132071|desc=Healey Saw Mill|grade=II|accessdate=31 October 2017}} 37. ^{{cite news|title=Walking: A mysterious link with the Druids in a Yorkshire wood|url=http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/lifestyle/walking/walking-a-mysterious-link-with-the-druids-in-a-yorkshire-wood-1-8408284|accessdate=2 November 2017|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|date=24 February 2017}} 38. ^{{cite journal|editor1-last=Hill|editor1-first=Russell|title=Top 100 fisheries finder map|journal=Trout Fisherman|date=19 July 2017|issue=499|page=20|publisher=Bauer Media|location=Peterborough|issn=0142-9108}} 39. ^{{cite web|title=Breary Banks - Archaeology, The University of York|url=https://www.york.ac.uk/archaeology/research/current-projects/breary-banks/|website=www.york.ac.uk|accessdate=2 November 2017}} 40. ^{{cite journal|last1=Buglass|first1=John|title=Breary Banks Wier, Gollinglith Foot, North Yorkshire|journal=Forum; Yorkshire|date=2015|volume=4|pages=80–81|publisher=Council for British Archaeology|issn=2051-8234}} References{{reflist}}Bibliography
External links{{commons category|River Burn, North Yorkshire}}{{commons category|Tributaries of the River Burn, North Yorkshire}}{{Rivers of Yorkshire}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Burn}} 2 : Rivers of North Yorkshire|Ouse catchment |
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