| 词条 | Rockslide of Elm |
| 释义 |
The rockslide of Elm (Canton of Glarus, Switzerland, in German Der Bergsturz von Elm) killed 115 people and destroyed 83 buildings on September 11, 1881.[1][2] The catastrophe was partially caused by the mining of slate, beginning after 1870, by impoverished farmers who sought an additional source of income. Being inexperienced with proper mining techniques, they destabilized the rock face until the final catastrophe. The miners undercut the mountain face to a breadth of 180 m, and already in 1878 first rock movements occurred. A geological commission to examine the increasing number of rockfalls visited the scene shortly before the catastrophe, but did not find any indications of an impending disaster. The loud noise of the rockfalls, break-offs and fractures were already heard during the Sunday service on the morning of September 11, 1881. In spite of this, next to nobody left the dangerous area – in fact, many spectators went to the affected area or climbed to the nearby hamlet Düniberg on the opposing face of the valley in the hope of enjoying a better view of the spectacle. In the late afternoon, after two smaller rock slides, 10 million cubic meters (353 million cubic feet) of slate broke off, travelled 2 km (1.24 miles), and destroyed 90 hectares (222.4 acres) of land. The slate mine was also completely destroyed. The event and its causes were chronicled in the same year by the local priest Ernst Buss and the geologist Albert Heim in their publication "Der Bergsturz von Elm".[3][4] Literature
References1. ^{{cite book|author1=Robin Chowdhury|author2=Phil Flentje|author3=Gautam Bhattacharya|title=Geotechnical Slope Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYHVZRcjEPUC&pg=PA305|date=18 November 2009|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-86420-3|page=305}} {{coord|46.9132|N|9.1814|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}2. ^{{cite web|last1=Bressan|first1=David|title=11 September, 1881: The landslide of Elm: An artificial disaster|url=http://historyofgeology.fieldofscience.com/2010/09/11-september-1881-landslide-of-elm.html|website=History of Geology|accessdate=30 September 2016}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Buss|first1=Ernst|last2=Heim|first2=Albert|title=Der Bergsturz von Elm den 1. September 1881. Denkschrift.|trans-title=The Landslide in Elm of 1 September 1881. Memoir.|date=1881|publisher=Wurster|location=Zürich, Switzerland|language=German}} 4. ^See also the article by the German geologist August Rothpletz (1853–1918): {{cite journal|last1=Rothpletz|first1=A.|title=Der Bergsturz von Elm|journal=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft|date=1881|volume=33|pages=540-563|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E62PAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA540#v=onepage&q&f=false|trans-title=The landslide of Elm|language=German}} 5 : Landslides in 1881|Natural disasters in Switzerland|Mining disasters in Europe|1881 in Switzerland|1881 mining disasters |
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