| 词条 | Alexandre de Rhodes |
| 释义 |
|type = Missionary |name = Alexandre de Rhodes |image = Derhodes.jpg |church = Roman Catholic Church |birth_date = 15 March 1591 |birth_place = Avignon, Papal States |death_date = 5 November 1660 |death_place = Isfahan, Persia |nationality = {{flag|Papal States|old}} |religion = Roman Catholicism }}Alexandre de Rhodes, S.J. (15 March 1591[1] – 5 November 1660) was a Avignonese Jesuit missionary and lexicographer who had a lasting impact on Christianity in Vietnam. He wrote the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum, the first trilingual Vietnamese-Portuguese-Latin dictionary, published in Rome, in 1651.[2][3] BiographyAlexandre de Rhodes was born in Avignon, Papal States (now in France). According to some sources, he was a descendant of Jewish origin.[4] He entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus in Rome on 24 April 1612 to dedicate his life to missionary work. He arrived in Indochina about 1619. A Jesuit mission had been established in Hanoi in 1615; Rhodes arrived there in 1620. He spent ten years in and around the Court at Hanoi during the rule of Trịnh Tùng and Trịnh Tráng. Rhodes spent twelve years in Vietnam studying under another Jesuit, Francisco de Pina.[5] It was during that time that he composed the Ngắm Mùa Chay, a popular catholic devotion to this day, meditating upon the Passion of Christ in the Vietnamese language[6]. In 1624, he was sent to the East Indies, arriving in Cochin-China on a boat with fellow Jesuit Girolamo Maiorica. In 1627, he travelled to Tongking, Vietnam where he worked until 1630, when he was forced to leave. He was expelled from Vietnam in 1630 as Trịnh Tráng became concerned about the spread of Catholicism in his realm. Rhodes in his reports said he converted more than 6,000 Vietnamese. Daily conversation in Vietnam "resembles the singing of birds", wrote Alexandre de Rhodes. From Vietnam Rhodes went to Portuguese Macau, where he spent ten years. He then returned to Vietnam, this time to the lands of the Nguyễn Lords, mainly around Huế. He spent six years in this part until he aroused the displeasure of lord Nguyễn Phúc Lan and was condemned to death. As his sentence was reduced to exile, Rhodes returned to Rome by 1649 and pleaded for increased funding for Catholic missions to Vietnam, telling somewhat exaggerated stories about the natural riches to be found in Vietnam. This plea by Alexandre de Rhodes is at the origin of the creation of the Paris Foreign Missions Society in 1659. As neither the Portuguese nor the Pope showed interest in the project, Alexandre de Rhodes, with Pope Alexander VII's agreement, found secular volunteers in Paris in the persons of François Pallu and Pierre Lambert de la Motte, the first members of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, who were sent to the Far-East as Apostolic vicars.[7][8][9] Alexandre de Rhodes himself was sent to Persia instead of back to Vietnam. Rhodes died in Isfahan, Persia in 1660 and was buried in the New Julfa Armenian Cemetery. In 1943, the French colony of Indochina issued a 30c postage stamp honoring him. In 2001 Vietnamese artist Nguyen Dinh Dang created a painting in homage to Alexandre de Rhodes and Nguyen Van Vinh.[10] WorksWhile in Vietnam, de Rhodes developed an early Vietnamese alphabet based on work by earlier Portuguese missionaries. De Rhodes compiled a catechism, {{lang|vi|Phép giảng tám ngày}}, and a trilingual dictionary and grammar, {{lang|la|Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum}}. Both were published in Rome in 1651. Unlike Maiorica's catechism and devotional texts, de Rhodes's works eschewed the traditional Vietnamese chữ Nôm script in favor of this new Latin-script alphabet.[11] Later refined as quốc ngữ, it eventually displaced chữ Nôm as the Vietnamese language's written form during the 19th and 20th centuries and "effectively separated ensuing generations of Vietnamese students from their own national literature, because they could no longer read it".[12][13]{{undue weight inline|date=February 2019}} De Rhodes also wrote several books about Vietnam and his travels there, including:
Notes1. ^Current scholarship suggests Rhodes may have been born in 1593. See Eduardo Torralba, S.I., "La Date de naissance du Père de Rhodes: 15 mars 1591, est-elle exacte?", in Bulletin de la Societé des Etudes Indochinoises, n.s. 35 (1960), 683–689, about the disagreement regarding the date of de Rhodes' birth. While some sources, including the Catholic Encyclopedia, indicate that the date was 1591, specialists such as Torralba, Peter Phan, Claude Larre, Pham Dinh Khiem, and Joseph Dehergne give the later date of 1593. 2. ^Wörterbücher: Ein Internationales Handbuch Zur Lexikographie by Franz Josef Hausmann, p.2583 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Kwqc7xso22wC&pg=PA2583&dq=%22Dictionarium+Annamiticum+Lusitanum+et+Latinum%22] 3. ^Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind By James Cowles p.501 [https://books.google.com/books?id=4CYXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA501&dq=%22Dictionarium+Annamiticum+Lusitanum+et+Latinum%22#PPA501,M1] 4. ^https://www.academia.edu/25566838/The_First_French_in_Macao._The_Jesuit_Alexandre_de_Rhodes 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.militaryliving.com/vietnam2/vietnamch3.htm |title=Customs and Culture of Vietnam |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505003302/http://www.militaryliving.com/vietnam2/vietnamch3.htm |archivedate=2006-05-05 }} 6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=WMlDCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT114&lpg=PT114&dq=ngam+dung+vietnam+peter+lent&source=bl&ots=LLKw1fjtgx&sig=dq0T2UPCB7wJmY9MDnHAGApaDqY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiTstWd_uXfAhXskIsKHe90At8Q6AEwBXoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=ngam%20dung%20vietnam%20peter%20lent&f=false|title=Mission and Catechesis: Alexandre de Rhodes & Inculturation in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam|last=C|first=Phan, Peter|date=2015-07-31|publisher=Orbis Books|isbn=9781608334742|language=en}}, "Adaptations of Christian liturgy", n. 5. 7. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ex_Hy0sv4T0C&pg=PA222&dq=Rhodes+Missions+Etrangeres+de+Paris&sig=ACfU3U3Cmo-FMdoKxBLF3YQQZh3kbbQ95g Viet Nam By Nhung Tuyet Tran, Anthony Reid p.222] 8. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=OC3OHQ0SygYC&pg=PA31&dq=Rhodes+Missions+Etrangeres+de+Paris&sig=ACfU3U05mtIRUx34aHurVvpWPAjAtOnZJg An Empire Divided by James Patrick Daughton, p.31] 9. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=SqTQjve2VLsC&pg=PA229&dq=Rhodes+Missions+Etrangeres+de+Paris&sig=ACfU3U0_wB3FrNB-sDXxTCJsyQYlHBkIrg#PPA229,M1 Asia in the Making of Europe, p.229–230] 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://ribf.riken.go.jp/~dang/paintings/Rhodes.html |title=The Introduction of Roman Writing Into Vietnam (The transcendental Death of Mr. Nguyen Van Vinh)}} 11. ^Sidwell P., Jenny M. The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. BRILL. 2014. V. 2. P. 909 12. ^Pears P. A. Remnants of Empire in Algeria and Vietnam: Women, Words, and War. Lexington Books. 2006. P. 18 13. ^Colonialism, Indigenous Society, and School Practices: French West Africa and Indochina, 1918–1938 // Altbach P. G., Kelly G. P. (ed.) Education and Colonialism. New York: Longman. 1991. P. 25 Sources
External links
12 : People from Avignon|1591 births|1660 deaths|Roman Catholic missionaries in Vietnam|17th-century Jesuits|Linguists|Creators of writing systems|History of Catholicism in Vietnam|Translators from Latin|Translators to Vietnamese|Roman Catholic missionaries in China|Roman Catholic missionaries in Iran |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。