| 词条 | Roland Clark Davis |
| 释义 |
|name = Roland Clark Davis |image = |caption = |birth_date = {{birth date|1902|12|20|mf=y}} |birth_place = Cambridge, Massachusetts |death_date = {{death date and age|1961|2|23|1902|12|02|mf=y}} |death_place = Yellow Springs, Ohio |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = American |ethnicity = |field = Psychologist |work_institutions = University of Virginia Indiana University |alma_mater = Columbia University |doctoral_advisor = Robert S. Woodworth Albert Poffenberger |doctoral_students = Oran Wendle Eagleson |known_for = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = |religion = |footnotes = |signature = }}Roland Clark Davis (December 20, 1902– February 23, 1961) was an American psychologist recognized for his innovation in instrumentation and measurement of electrophysiological phenomena.[1] Davis contributed to the measurement of electrodermal activity, gastric reflexes, and muscle action potentials.[2] Davis published over 70 articles on psychophysiology and related topics across a 30-year career[3][2] and mentored many graduate students at Indiana University Bloomington from 1931 through 1961.[4] Personal historyBorn in Cambridge, Massachusetts on December 20, 1902, Roland Clark Davis was the eldest child of William Chalmers Davis and Effie Estelle Clark.[5] Davis earned his A.B. in English from Harvard in 1924 and his Ph.D. from Columbia in 1930.[6] Upon leaving Columbia, Davis briefly worked as a research associate for the University of Virginia.[6] Davis married Francis Oliver Meacham on September 12, 1927, in Petersburg, Virginia.[7] They had two children, Susan Oliver and Christopher Meacham.[6] In 1931, Davis was hired as an Acting Associate Professor at Indiana University[4] where he established his psychophysiology laboratory in Science Hall.[1] Davis died on February 23, 1961, at the age of 58 in Yellow Springs, Ohio.[8] He was returning home from a meeting at the Fels Research Institute when he suffered a heart attack.[1][2] Professional contributionsAt Columbia, Davis was mentored by Robert Sessions Woodworth and Albert Poffenberger.[1] In his 1930 dissertation, “Factors Affecting the Galvanic Reflex,” Davis reviewed hundreds of published articles on the galvanic skin response (GSR), producing an extensive and systematic review of GSR.[9] Davis was the first to use a vacuum tube as a way to control the electrical current during measurement of the GSR.[10] Davis also developed a device that provided an uninterrupted measurement of arterial blood pressure that would not interfere with the subject’s true blood pressure,[11] and he is credited with introducing the cathode-ray oscilloscope technique for measuring muscle action potentials.[1] In collaboration with Douglas Ellson, Irving Saltzman, and Cletus Burke, Davis also developed a lie-detection device.[12][2] Using gastric balloons and a landmine detector to track the progress of steel balls through the gastrointestinal tracts of volunteers, Davis produced evidence that stomach contractions were largely absent when the stomach was empty, a finding that directly refuted the popular hypothesis of the time that hunger produced the most intense stomach contractions.[2] Davis also used the electrogastrogram (EGG) to study the effects of particular drugs on gastric activity.[1] Davis also challenged the theory of homeostasis,[13] arguing that the relevant terms needed to be more precisely defined and that responses could be adaptive even if they were not homeostatic:“Homeostasis can be maintained for one variable only at the expense of heterostasis in at least one other”.[1] Teaching and LeadershipDavis was recognized as a leader in the Department of Psychology, and he was one of the few members of the senior faculty to remain in his position through World War II.[4] Davis was also one of the founding members of the Society for Psychophysiological Research.[2] At Indiana University, Davis directed the master's and doctoral theses of 29 graduate students, including Oran Wendle Eagleson.[4] Notable publicationsElectrodermal ActivityA Vacuum Tube for Stabilizing the Current During Measurements of the Galvanic Reflex (1929) [10] Factors Affecting the Galvanic Reflex (1930) [9] Electrical Skin Resistance Before, During, and After a Period of Noise Stimulation (1932) [14] Modification of the Galvanic Reflex by Daily Repetition of a Stimulus (1934) [15] Homeostasis and Response PatterningApparatus for Recording Autonomic States and Changes (1954) [16] Response Patterns (1957) [17] An Exploration of Somatic Response Patterns: Stimulus and Sex Differences (1957) [11] The Pattern of Somatic Response During a Repetitive Motor Task and its Modification by Visual Stimuli (1957) [18] The Domain of Homeostasis (1958) [13] Action PotentialsA Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope Apparatus for the Psychological Laboratory (1931) [19] Properties of Electrodes Used in Recording Action Potentials from the Intact Organism (1936) [20] Methods of Measuring Muscle Tension (1942) [21] An Integrator and Accessory Apparatus for Recording Action Potentials (1948) [22] Adaptation of the Muscular Tension Response to Gunfire (1949) [23] Autonomic and Muscular Response and Their Relationship to Simple Stimuli (1955) [24] History of PsychologyAmerican Psychology 1800-1885 (1936) [25] Physiological Psychology: A View of Fifty Years (1958) [26] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal|last1=Gabbay|first1 = F.H..|last2=Stern|first2=R. M. |title= A quiet voice: Roland Clark Davis and the emergence of psychophysiology. |journal=Psychophysiology|date=2012|volume=49|pages=443–453}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Davis, Roland}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal|last1=Bernal|first1= M.|last2=Abraham|first2= F.|title= For distinguished contribution to psychophysiology: Chester Darrow and R. C. Davis.| journal= Psychophysiology |date=1970| pages=611–616}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Holguin|first1=S. R.|last2=Cadaveira|first2=F.|title= Consolidation of psychophysiology as a scientific discipline: 1930—1964: A historical note|journal=Psychophysiology|date=2002|volume=39|pages=619–624}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Capshew|first1=J. H.|title= The legacy of the laboratory 1888-1988: A history of the department of psychology at Indiana University| journal= Psychology at Indiana University: A Centennial Review and Compendium (Bloomington: Indiana University Department of Psychology |date=1988| pages=1–83}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Ancestry.com|first1= |title= 1920 Federal Census [database on-line]| journal= Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.|date=| pages=}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite book|last= Thompson|first= D.E.|date= 1981|title=Indiana authors and their books 1967-1980|url= |location= Crawfordsville, IN |publisher= Wabash College|page= |isbn=|author-link=}} 7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Ancestry.com|first1= |title= Virginia, Select Marriages, 1785-1940 [database on-line]| journal= Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.|date=| pages=}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Ancestry.com and Ohio Department of Health|first1= |title= Ohio, Deaths, 1908-1932, 1938-2007 [database on-line]| journal= Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.|date=| pages=}} 9. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=R.C.|title= Factors affecting the galvanic reflex| journal= Archives of Psychology |date=1930| pages=5–64}} 10. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=R.C.|title= A vacuum tube for stabilizing the current during measurements of the galvanic reflex.| journal= American Journal of Psychology |date=1929| pages=474–475}} 11. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=R.C.|title= Continuous recording of arterial pressure: An analysis of the problem| journal= Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology |date=1957| pages=524–529}} 12. ^{{cite journal|last1=McRobbie|first1= M.A. |title= Incubating excellence at Indiana University. | journal= Speech presented at Indiana University Innovation Center Dedication in University Gym |date=2009| pages=}} 13. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=R.C.|title= The domain of homeostasis| journal= Psychological Review|date=1958| pages=8–13}} 14. ^{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=R.C.|title= Electrical skin resistance before, during, and after a period of noise stimulation.| journal= Journal of Experimental Psychology|date=1932| pages=108–117}} 15. ^{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=R.C.|title= Modification of the galvanic reflex by daily repetition of a stimulus | journal= Journal of Experimental Psychology |date=1934| pages=504–535}} 16. ^{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=R.C.|last2=Siddons|first2=G.F. | last3=Stout|first3=G. |title= Apparatus for recording autonomic states and changes| journal= American Journal of Psychology|date=1954| pages=343–352}} 17. ^{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=R.C.|title= Response patterns| journal= Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |date=1957| pages=731–739}} 18. ^{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=R.C.|last2=Lundervold|first2=A.| last3= Miller|first3=J.D.|title= The pattern of somatic response during a repetitive motor task and its modification by visual stimuli| journal= Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology|date=1957| pages=53–60}} 19. ^{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=R.C.|title= A cathode-ray oscilloscope apparatus for the psychological laboratory| journal= Journal of General Psychology|date=1931| pages=107–115}} 20. ^{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=R.C.|title= Properties of electrodes used in recording action potentials from the intact organism| journal= American Journal of Psychology|date=1936| pages=693–695}} 21. ^{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=R.C.|title= Methods of measuring muscle tension | journal= Psychological Bulletin|date=1942| pages=329–346}} 22. ^{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=R.C.|title= An integrator and accessory apparatus for recording action potentials| journal= American Journal of Psychology |date=1948| pages=100–104}} 23. ^{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=R.C.|last2=Van Liere|first2= D.W.|title= Adaptation of the muscular tension response to gunfire| journal= Journal of Experimental Psychology|date=1949| pages=114–117}} 24. ^{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=R.C.|last2=Buchwald|first2= A.M.|last3=Frankmann|first3= R.W.|title= Autonomic and muscular responses and their relationship to simple stimuli| journal= Psychology Monographs |date=1955| pages=1–71}} 25. ^{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=R.C.|title= American Psychology 1800–1885 |journal= Psychological Review |date=1936| pages=471–493}} 26. ^{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=R.C.|title= Physiological psychology: A view of fifty years. | journal= In G. H. Seward & J. P. Seward (Eds.),Current psychological issues: Essaysin honor of Robert S. Woodworth |date=1958| pages=249–277}} 6 : American psychologists|1902 births|1961 deaths|Columbia University alumni|Indiana University Bloomington faculty|Harvard College alumni |
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