| 词条 | Rose Mackenberg |
| 释义 |
| name = Rose Mackenberg | image = Rose Mackenberg skeptic.png | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1892|7|10|}} | birth_place = | death_date = April 1968 (aged 75) | death_place = Suffolk, New York | nationality = American | other_names = | occupation = Investigator, writer | years_active = 1925–1955 | known_for = Debunking psychic fraud for Harry Houdini | notable_works = }} Rose Mackenberg (July 10, 1892 – April 1968) was an American investigator specializing in fraudulent psychic mediums, known for her association with Harry Houdini. She was chief of a team of undercover investigators who investigated mediums for Houdini in the 1920s. After Houdini's death she continued to investigate spiritualist fraud for over 20 years and was known as an expert on the subject. She testified in court cases and before Congress and was interviewed in national magazines and on television. Early lifeMackenberg was born July 10, 1892,[1] and lived in Brooklyn, New York.{{sfn|Polidoro|2001|p=180}} She worked as an investigator in New York City. She later reported that, in her early life, she had believed that psychics and fortunetellers really were able to communicate with spirits and foretell the future.[2] Houdini's investigatorIn the early 1920s Mackenberg was working on a case involving investment losses that had been advised by a psychic medium. She sought out Houdini's help in the case, as he was very publicly engaged in a campaign against false mediums.{{sfn|Pankratz|1995|p=29}} Houdini was impressed with the young woman, and educated her on the tricks that mediums use to manipulate their victims.[2][4] In 1925 Houdini hired her for his undercover investigator team.{{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|p=460}} The team included several other women besides Mackenberg, including Houdini's niece Julia Sawyer{{sfn|Pankratz|1995|p=29}}{{sfn|Polidoro|2001|p=181}}{{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|p=461}} and a showgirl named Alberta Chapman.{{sfn|Polidoro|2001|p=181}}{{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|p=461}} Houdini also sometimes employed men including Clifford M. Eddy, Jr.,{{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|p=461}} Robert H. Gysel,{{sfn|Polidoro|2001|p=180}}{{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|p=461}} and Amadeo Vacca.{{sfn|Polidoro|2001|p=175}}{{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|p=501}} While Houdini was on tour in 1925 and 1926, Mackenberg and the other investigators would precede him by up to 10 days{{sfn|Loxton|2013|p=74}} into each city, and perform undercover investigations of the local spiritualists or psychic mediums. They would use multiple false names, sometimes containing puns like "Frances Raud" (for FRAUD){{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|p=478}} and "Alicia Bunck" (for All Is A Bunk).[5] They would also wear various disguises to avoid being found out.[5]{{sfn|Wolf|2016}} Mackenberg would sometimes even wear a hearing aid she didn't need.{{sfn|Loxton|2013|p=74}} Mackenberg did investigations for Houdini and sometimes appeared on stage with him in many cities on those tours including Indianapolis,{{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|p=466}} Worcester, Mass.{{sfn|Pankratz|1995|p=29}}{{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|pp=478–480}} Washington, D.C.{{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|p=483}} Chicago,{{sfn|Mackenberg|Fishman|1951|p=27}} New York{{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|p=488}} and Montreal.{{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|p=506}} Her very detailed written reports for Houdini have been studied and exhibited in museums.[7] When Houdini later performed in each city, he would debunk local mediums from the stage, presenting the gathered evidence. Naturally Houdini and his investigators became the target of great anger from the spiritualists.{{sfn|Wolf|2016}} It was said he carried a Derringer and he advised Mackenberg to carry a gun as well,{{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|p=460}} but she refused.{{sfn|Mackenberg|Fishman|1951|p=104}} Mackenberg earned the respect of Houdini and his team, and was considered his chief investigator.{{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|p=460}} The other investigators sometimes called her "The Rev"[9] because of the multiple bogus spiritualist diplomas and titles she had acquired during her investigations.[4] Prior to his death, Houdini set up secret codes with more than twenty friends to attempt to communicate with them from beyond the grave.{{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|p=532}} Mackenberg was among those chosen, and in 1945 she reported "the message has not come through."[11] Expert on psychic fraudBecause of her investigative work, Mackenberg became an expert on the practices of fraudulent psychics. She claimed to have investigated over 1,000 mediums and never found one who was not a fraud.{{sfn|Mackenberg|Fishman|1951|p=26}} For example, the various mediums had claimed to communicate with over three dozen non-existent deceased husbands, despite Mackenberg being single.[4] According to William Lindsay Gresham, Julien Proskauer credited Mackenberg for "much of his material" in his book The Dead Do Not Talk. Congressional testimonyIn the first session of the 69th Congress, an anti-fortunetelling law for Washington D.C. was put forward on the urging of Houdini.{{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|p=481}} The Copeland-Bloom bill[14] (H.R. 8989) came before a House committee beginning February 26, 1926. Houdini was to testify in its favor.{{sfn|USCongress|1926}} Following the same pattern as during the tour, Mackenberg visited local Washington mediums in the days prior to the hearings. She targeted local mediums including Jane B. Coates and Madam Grace Marcia who were scheduled to testify against the bill.{{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|p=482}} Her testimony on May 18, 1926 included the revelation that Coates had told her that Senators Capper, Watson, Dill, and Fletcher "had come to her for readings" and that "table tipping seances are held at the White House" with President Coolidge and his family.[15] This was met with raucous denials in the committee room, and a "fracas" ensued.[16] The meeting was adjourned. President Coolidge did not officially respond to the accusation but unofficial denials were made known in the press.[16]{{sfn|Kalush|Sloman|2006|p=487}} Ultimately H.R. 8989 did not pass,{{sfn|Polidoro|2001|p=189}} but the hearings received wide press coverage.[14][15][16] Lockwood's estateAfter Houdini's death in October 1926, Mackenberg continued to investigate fraudulent psychics for over 20 years and serve as an expert on them in various venues.{{sfn|Pankratz|1995|p=28}} One court case in Pennsylvania involved the 1939 will of Augustus T. Lockwood. He had bequeathed a large sum of money to a "Spiritualistic College to Educate Mediums" at Lily Dale, New York, a famous camp and meeting place for Spiritualists. The state of Pennsylvania sought to invalidate the will, in part on the argument that the bequest would benefit criminal behavior and thus would be "against public policy".[21] Mackenberg was called as the "star witness" and the state was successful at trial.[22] The case was appealed, however, and overturned by higher courts.[21] Public outreachIn addition to her investigations, Mackenberg attempted to educate the public on psychic fraud. She toured the country giving lectures on psychic fraud to various groups, a typical talk title was “Debunking the Ghost Racket”.[24] These talks would include demonstrations of techniques used by psychics including spirit trumpets, table tipping, billet reading and so on.[11]{{sfn|Pankratz|1995|p=29}} She wrote a series of articles on the "ghost racket" which were serialized to newspapers in 1929 and posthumously anthologized and re-published in 2016. A manuscript titled So You Want to Attend a Seance? gathered these reports, but the manuscript itself has never been published.{{sfn|Wolf|2016}} She also assisted with investigations which were published in major media outlets such as Popular Science,[26] The Chicago Tribune[4] and The Saturday Evening Post.{{sfn|Mackenberg|Fishman|1951}} She appeared on television talk shows including Mike and Buff[28] and Tonight Starring Steve Allen.[29] Personal lifeShe remained single and continued to live in the New York City area in a "well lighted" apartment ("because I get tired of dark rooms").[2] Her friends called her "Mac".{{sfn|Loxton|2013|p=74}} Mackenberg died in April 1968.[1] ==See also==
References1. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A07EED91231EE3ABC4F51DFB466838D639EDE|title=SAY LAWMAKERS CONSULT MEDIUMS; Washington Spiritualists Fight Bill to Forbid Fortune Telling for Fees|date=February 27, 1926|newspaper=The New York Times|page=17}} [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]2. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902E6D6113AEE3ABC4152DFB366838D639EDE|title=HINTS OF SEANCES AT WHITE HOUSE; Witness at Capital Asserts a Spiritualist Said Coolidge Family Attended Them. STORY OFFICIALLY DENIED Row Between Houdini and Mediums Breaks Up Hearing on Bill to Regulate Clairvoyants.|date=May 19, 1926|newspaper=The New York Times|page=26}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|newspaper=The Evening Independent|volume=XIX|issue=168|date=May 19, 1926|author=Stokes, Thomas L.|authorlink=Thomas Lunsford Stokes|title=Woman Was Told Seances Given At White House – Also Informed Number of Senators are Patrons of Clairvoyants|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TsxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=flQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3459%2C3398215|page=1|accessdate=May 7, 2016}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite news | title=Seance Tricks Exposed To Jr. Assembly | work=The Herald Statesman | date=November 7, 1945 | location=Yonkers, NY | page=11 | quote=Members of the Junior Assembly of Yonkers learned the truth and fallacies of seances and other "ghost rackets" from Miss Rose Mackenberg, former detective for the late Houdini, at the November meeting at the Y.W.C.A. Miss Mackenberg, who has conducted investigations of mediums for various newspapers, gave a demonstration of a seance showing "phenomena" used to fool the public. She revealed tricks of spirit photography, cabinet hoaxes and phosphorus wraiths. She also showed how ballot reading is done by soaking the envelope, in which the ballot is enclosed, with alcohol. She said that before his death 19 years ago, Houdini gave written messages to members of his family and a few friends which he said would be delivered personally by him if a message could be sent from the spirit world. Miss Mackenberg was one of those chosen and the message has not come through.}} 5. ^1 {{cite news | title=Houdini Ex-Aide 'Debunks' Ghosts | work=Brooklyn Eagle | date=June 18, 1946 | page=18 | quote=There just isn't such a thing as a ghost, Rose Mackenberg, former aide to the late Houdini, world famed, magician, last night told the Flatbush Republican Club of 2431 Church Ave. In a lecture on "Debunking the Ghost Racket," Miss Mackenberg displayed the tricks used by mediums when she presented a "genuine" old-fashioned seance.}} 6. ^1 {{cite magazine | date=November 1944 | author=Worden, Helen | magazine=Popular Science | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iADAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA213&dq=popular%20science%20mackenberg&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q=worden&f=false | title=Exposing Tricks of the Fake Mediums | accessdate=May 7, 2016 | number=5 | volume=145 | pages=67–71,213–214}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|title=A Lady with 38 Spirit Hubbies Says It's Fraud|author=Williamson, E.W.|date=August 9, 1945|page=11|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1945/08/09/page/11/article/a-lady-with-36-spirit-hubbies-says-its-fraud|accessdate=May 7, 2016}} 8. ^1 {{cite magazine|magazine=Sponsor Magazine|title=Free service offers bizarre personalities for radio and TV|page=54|date=25 February 1952|quote=Rose Mackenberg, a "ghost detective" who debunks phony spiritualists, who appeared on Mike and Buff, CBS-TV}} 9. ^1 {{cite news|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|date=October 31, 1955|title=Television Programs for Today|page=22|quote=11:30 TONIGHT. Steve Allen. Rose Mackenberg, Houdini colleague, is guest.}} 10. ^1 2 [https://casetext.com/case/lockwoods-estate#! Lockwood's Estate, 344 Pa. 293, 25 A.2d 168 (1942)] 11. ^1 {{cite news|newspaper=The Jamestown Evening Journal|date=February 5, 1941|title=Spiritualism Not Involved, Writer Says|pages=1, 6|volume=LXXII|number=31}} 12. ^1 {{cite journal|author1=Ranger, Joshua|author2=Edward T. Linenthal|author2-link=Edward Linenthal|title=Houdini: A Magician among the Spirits|journal=Journal of American History|volume=87|number=3|date=December 2000|pages=967–969|quote=Although not technically artifacts, the wonderfully reproduced manuscript letters from Rose Mackenberg offer a fantastic opportunity for very interested visitors to learn more about how séances were conducted. Certainly wordy, the affidavits describe in detail how Ms. Mackenberg was manipulated by the medium. Eerily similar to today's "psychic hot lines," the mediums took clues from Ms. Mackenberg to report on what the spirits were saying. The affidavits, more than anything in the exhibit, place the visitor in the séance and stand as a great example of how archival manuscript materials can add rich detail to museum exhibits.}} 13. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:JRQ3-M2C|title=Rose Mackenberg|publisher=Social Security Death Index via Family Search|accessdate=May 9, 2016}} 14. ^1 {{cite journal |title=Some Recollections of Houdini | work=Mystifier | volume=3 | number=3 | pages=2–4 |year=1993 }} 15. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |title=Ghost-Busting Is Job of Rose Mackenberg | author=Battelle, Phyllis | newspaper=St. Petersburg Times | date=November 21, 1949 | page=12 | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N1tIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Jk4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=1888%2C6371618 | accessdate=May 14, 2016 }} 16. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Scott|first=Ed|title=How to Fool a Ghost ... By Alicia Bunck|date=September 29, 1941|newspaper=PM Daily|page=15}} }} Bibliography and further reading
External links
8 : 1892 births|1968 deaths|American skeptics|Paranormal investigators|Private detectives and investigators|People from Brooklyn|American women writers|Harry Houdini |
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