| 词条 | Rudolf, Count of Avernas |
| 释义 |
Count Rudolf (living 944), was a Count of Lower Lotharingia, who apparently held possessions in Hesbaye and the nearby Maas river, son of Reginar II, Count of Hainaut, and a member of the so-called Regnarid dynasty. There are no records which designate him clearly as count of any specific whole geographical county. (Avernas and Huste were counties named after their owner's seat at the time, from which they controlled what they possessed, not a traditional or natural geographical country.) RecordsRudolf is only clearly mentioned in two records as brother of Reginar III:
It is generally accepted that it is the same two brothers who appear next to each other ("Rudolfus comes, Reginherus comes") in a charter by King Otto in 949, confirming the Abbey of Susteren on the Maas to be a possession of Prüm abbey.[3] Other charters previous to this appear to show (if they are the same person) that he held territory on the left bank of the Maas, and also the County of Avernas (though none of these charters give genealogical information).
After 958In 958, Reginar III was defeated by King Lothair and Archbishop Bruno and banished to Bavaria. Rudolf is not explicitly mentioned in this regard, but about that same time, a Werner appears as under-advocate (subadvocatus) of the Abbey of St Truiden, a position that would in later centuries be held by the count over the area around the Abbey, an area where a Count Rudolf had been count, and a Count Werner also appears in other areas where the Reginars had been powerful. It is thought likely that Bruno replaced Rudolf as count with Werner around 958. The main documentary evidence is that in 966, a charter states that Rudolf’s property at Gelmen (between St Truiden and Borgloon) had been confiscated because of his infidelity and was now in the county of Werner in the pagus of Hesbaye.[8] For all these reasons, it was argued by Léon Vanderkindere and others that Count Werner replaced Rudolf. Any wives or children that Rudolf might have had are not known from any clear records. It is known that in similar areas to Rudolf's and his brother's lordships Werner (or Garnier) appears as count after 953. In 973 however, the sons of Reginar III, Reginar IV and his brother Lambert, returned and killed Werner and his brother Renaud. Rudolf's nephews then established themselves in the counties of Hainaut and Louvain. It was proposed by Leon Vanderkindere that the related family of Nevelong, Count of Betuwe, who married a sister of Rudolf and had a son with her named Rudolf, played a more lasting role in the Hesbaye area, both during and after the time of Werner. One Count in particular who may be a member of that family was named Eremfried, and a Count Emmo (who replaced Rudolf in Gelmen) might be the same person.
Perhaps there was a final mention of Rudolf in 982, according to Jongbloed. In a charter made in Capua, 26 July 982, "on the day that we fight the Saracens" Otto II certified that if a certain "Cunradus, son of the late count Rudolf" died, he wanted his possessions in Lotharingia to go to Gorze Abbey, and these included "curtis Velm in pago Haspongowe et in comitate Eremfridi comitis".[11] In the Battle of Cotrone itself (13 July 982, so it had already happened) it seems that both this Conrad, and this count Eremfried, lost their lives. Velm, now part of St Truiden, did come under Gorze Abbey, and a Count Irimfrid was recorded as dying in the battle.[12] However, this Conrad's possessions were widespread, and on the basis of those Vanderkindere (1902 pp.340-1) believes his father was Rodolphe Count of Ivois.[13] Of this Count however, Vanderkindere (p.342) says that given his connection to Velm it is "not without some likelihood" that he is a member of the Regnarid family, where the name Rodolphe was familiar. In the 11th century, Balderic II of Liège, brother of Gilbert the first recorded Count of Loon, was recorded as being a relative to Count Arnulf of Valenciennes, as well as the Regnarid Lambert I, Count of Louvain.[14] In this way at least, it is clear that the later Counts of Loon were related to Rudolf. Notes1. ^Floduard says Herman was called upon to besiege "castella Ragnarii ac Rodulfi fratrum, Ludowici regis fidelium" Flodoardi Annales 944, MGH SS III, p.390. 2. ^The passage is reproduced at MGH SS 4: p.262, footnote 11. 3. ^MGH DD Otto I p.194 4. ^Beyer, [https://books.google.be/books?id=32HTAAAAMAAJ Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte] Vol 1, p.246 nr. 184. 5. ^MGH DD Otto I p.210 6. ^MGH DD Otto I p.235 7. ^Baerten dates this charter to 953-958. The charter is transcribed in the Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Saint-Trond Piot edition, [https://books.google.be/books?redir_esc=y&id=vQtCAAAAcAAJ Volume 1], pp.6-7 8. ^MGH DD Otto I p.430 9. ^MGH DD Otto I p.432. A detailed discussion and transcription of several versions is found in Oorkonden van Noord-Brabant 690-1312 II.1 No.890 p.5. 10. ^The charter is known from a later confirmation in the Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Saint-Trond Piot edition, [https://books.google.be/books?redir_esc=y&id=vQtCAAAAcAAJ Volume 1], p.72. 11. ^MGH DD Otto II p.326 12. ^MGH SS folio XIII 205 Annales necrologici Fuldenses 13. ^Also see how Conrad is remembered in Gorze itself: [https://archive.org/stream/revuemabillon06sociuoft#page/267]. 14. ^That bishop Balderic II of Liège had common ancestry with Count Arnoul, who modern historian believe to mean Arnoul of Valenciennes is mentioned in his biography the Vita Balderici Ep. Leodensis link. That bishop Balderic II had common ancestry with Lambert Count of Louvain is from the Gesta episcoporum Cameracensium, lib. III, ch. 5, M.G.H., SS., t. vii, p. 467-468. Sources
External links
2 : Counts of Hesbaye|10th-century European people |
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