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词条 RV Vityaz (1939)
释义

  1. Description

  2. History

  3. References

{{Infobox ship image
Ship image= File:Kaliningrad 05-2017 img62 Ocean Museum.jpg Ship caption= Vityaz
}}{{Infobox ship career		 Hide header =Ship country =Ship flag = Ship name = *Mars (1939–45)
  • Empire Forth (1945–46)
  • Equator (1946– )
  • Admiral Makarov ( –1949)
  • Vityaz (since 1949)
 Ship namesake = Ship owner = *Neptun Line (1939–40)
  • Kriegsmarine (1940)
  • Neptun Line (1940–42)
  • Kriegsmarine (1942–45)
  • Ministry of War Transport (1945–46)
  • Ministry of Transport (1946)
  • Soviet Government (1946–82)
  • Museum of World Oceans (since 1982)
 Ship operator =*Neptun Line (1939–40)
  • Kriegsmarine (1940)
  • Neptun Line (1940–42)
  • Kriegsmarine (1942–45)
  • Prince Line (1945–46)
  • Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR Academy of Sciences (1946–82)
  • Museum of World Oceans (since 1982)
Nazi Germany}} Bremen, Germany (1939–40)
  • {{Navy|Nazi Germany}} (1940)
  • {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Bremen (1940–42)
  • {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|naval}} Kriegsmarine (1942–45)
  • {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}} London, United Kingdom (1945–46)
  • {{Flagicon|Soviet Union}} Vladivostok, Soviet Union (1946-91)
  • {{flagicon|Russia}} Russia (since 1991)
 Ship route = Ship ordered = Ship builder = Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau AG Ship original cost = Ship yard number = Ship way number = Ship laid down = Ship launched =August 1939 Ship completed = Ship christened = Ship acquired = Ship maiden voyage = Ship in service = Ship out of service = 1979 Ship identification = *United Kingdom Official Number 180962 (1945–46)
  • Code Letters GLTZ (1945–46)
  • {{ICS|Golf}}{{ICS|Lima}}{{ICS|Tango}}{{ICS|Zulu}}
  • Code Letters UPJA (since 1946)
  • {{ICS|Uniform}}{{ICS|Papa}}{{ICS|Juliet}}{{ICS|Alpha}}
  • {{IMO Number|5382609}}
 Ship fate = Ship status = Museum ship Ship notes =
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		 Hide header = Header caption = Ship class = *Cargo liner (1939–42, 1945–48)
  • Hospital ship (1942–45)
  • Research vessel (1948–79)
  • Museum ship (since 1994)
2,471}}, {{NRT|1,821}} (as built) Ship displacement = 5,701 tonnes (as converted)333|ft|0|in|m|2|abbr=on|order=flip}} (as built)
  • {{convert|109.44|m|ftin}} (as converted)
47|ft|7|in|m|2|abbr=on|order=flip}} (as built)
  • {{convert|14.56|m|ftin}} (as converted)
 Ship height =19|ft|2|in|m|2|abbr=on|order=flip}} (as built)
  • {{convert|5.86|m|ftin}} (as converted)
15|ft|6|in|m|2|abbr=on|order=flip}} (as built) Ship decks = Ship deck clearance = Ship ramps = Ship ice class = Ship sail plan = Ship power = 2 diesel engines Ship propulsion = Twin screw propellers14|kn|km/h}} Ship capacity = 12 passengers (Mars) Ship crew = *38 (Mars)
  • 66, plus 70 research personnel (Vityaz)
18500|nmi|km}} (Vityaz) Ship notes =
}}

Vityaz ({{lang-ru|Витязь}}) is a research vessel that was built in 1939 by Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau AG, Bremen, Germany as Mars for Neptun Line, Bremen. She served with the Kriegsmarine during World War II and was seized by the United Kingdom in 1945. She was renamed Empire Forth for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT).

She was allocated to the Soviet Union in 1946 under the terms of the Potsdam Agreement and renamed Equator ({{lang-ru|Экватор}}) and later renamed Admiral Makarov ({{lang-ru|Адмирал Мака́ров}}). She was renamed Vityaz in 1949 and was used as a research vessel. Retired in 1979, she was preserved as a museum ship in 1982.

Description

When recorded in 1945, the ship was {{convert|333|ft|0|in|m|2|abbr=on|order=flip}} long, with a beam of {{convert|47|ft|7|in|m|2|order=flip}}. She had a depth of {{convert|15|ft|6|in|m|2|order=flip}} and a draught of {{convert|19|ft|2|in|m|2|order=flip}}. She was assessed at {{GRT|2,471}}, {{NRT|1,821}}.[1]

The ship was propelled by two two-stroke Single Cycle, Single Action diesel engines, which have seven cylinders of 24{{frac|7|16}} inches (62 cm) diameter by 45{{frac|1|4}} inches (115 cm) stroke driving twin screw propellers. The engines were built by Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft, Kiel.[1] They are rated at 3,000 hp. They could propel her at {{convert|14|kn|km/h}}.[2]

History

The ship was built as yard number 614 in 1939 by Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau AG, Bremen, Germany as Mars for Neptun Line, Bremen. She was launched in August 1939.[3][4] Her port of registry was Bremen.

Mars was operated by the Neptun Line.[6] She had a crew of 38 and accommodation for twelve passengers.[5] She was requisitioned in 1940 by the Kriegsmarine, but was returned to Neptun Line later that year. She was requisitioned again in 1942.[6] and converted to a hospital ship for military use.[5] On 13 December 1943, Mars was severely damaged in an air raid on Bremen by the United States Eighth Air Force.[3][7] She assisted in the evacuation of German citizens from Königsberg and Pillau. Between January and April 1945, she carried 20,000 people.[5] Mars was probably the last major ship to leave Pillau for Copenhagen.[8]

In May 1945, Mars was seized at Copenhagen, Denmark. She was passed to the Ministry of War Transport and renamed Empire Forth.[3] The Code Letters GLTZ and United Kingdom Official Number 169468 were allocated. Her port of registry was changed to London. She was operated under the management of Prince Line Ltd.[1]

In 1946, Empire Forth was allocated to the Soviet Union under the terms of the Potsdam Agreement.[9] She was renamed Equator ({{lang-ru|Экватор}}),[3] and taken to Leningrad.[5] The Code Letters UPJA were allocated.[4] She was later renamed Admiral Makarov ({{lang-ru|Адмирал Мака́ров}}).[5] She was converted to a research vessel in 1947-48 for the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR Academy of Sciences. The work was carried out at Leningrad, Odessa, Riga and Vladivostock in the Soviet Union and also at Wismar, Allied-occupied Germany. During the conversion, the ship was lengthened and equipped with modern laboratories and accommodation.[5] Her measurements were now {{convert|109.44|m|ftin}} long, with a beam of {{convert|14.56|m|ftin}} and a draught of {{convert|5.86|m|ftin}}. Her displacement was 5,710 tonnes.[2] In 1949, she was renamed Vityaz ({{lang-ru|Витязь}}).[3]

Vityaz had Vladivostock as her port of registry. She made 65 voyages covering {{convert|800,000|nmi|km}}.[5] In August 1957,[10] She measured the depth of the Mariana Trench at {{convert|11022|m|ft}}.[5] On 29 May 1958, Vityaz was {{convert|2000|nmi|km}} west of the Marshall Islands when she detected radioactivity in rainfall at levels that were harmful to human health (see Operation Hardtack I).[11] On 7 November 1960, Vityaz was reported to have been buzzed in the Arabian Sea by a Grumman S-2F Tracker from {{USS|Essex|CV-9|6}}. The United States Navy denied that the aircraft was buzzing the ship, but merely establishing her identity.[12] With their introduction in the 1960s, Vityaz was allocated the IMO Number 5382609.[13]

Scientists on board Vityaz discovered 1,176 new species of marine plants and animals. During her time as a research ship, Vityaz visited 49 countries and acted as a goodwill ambassador for the Soviet Union. Notable people who visited her include Jacques Cousteau and Thor Heyerdal.[5] Vityaz made her final voyage around Europe and was retired on 22 April 1979. She was then laid up in the Pregol River.[5] In 1982, she was preserved as a museum ship at Leningrad.[3] In 1988, she was moved to the Yantar Shipyard, Kaliningrad, where she was repaired and rebuilt for use as a museum ship. In 1994, she was moved to the Museum of World Oceans, Kaliningrad,[5] which was established in 1990. Vityaz is claimed to be the largest research vessel to have been preserved.[14]

References

1. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=45a1189.pdf |title=Lloyd's Register, Navires a Vapeure et a Moteurs. |publisher=Plimsoll Ship Data |accessdate=28 January 2017}}
2. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.world-ocean.ru/en/vityaz |title=Scientific-research vessel VITYAZ |publisher=Museum of World Oceans |location=Leningrad |accessdate=28 January 2017}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book |last1= Mitchell |first1=W.H. |last2=Sawyer |first2=L.A. |year=1995 |title=The Empire Ships |page=not cited |publisher= Lloyd's of London Press Ltd |location= London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong |isbn=1-85044-275-4}}
4. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://fleetphoto.ru/photo/38757/ |title=Витязь |trans-title=Vityaz |publisher=Fleetphoto |language=Russian |accessdate=28 January 2017}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web |url=http://www.world-ocean.ru/en/vityaz/biography-of-the-vessel |title=Biography of the Vessel |publisher=Museum of World Oceans |location=Kaliningrad |accessdate=28 January 2017}}
6. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/neptun.shtml |title=Neptun Line / Dampfschifffahrts Gesellschaft Neptun 1873-1974 Bremen |publisher=The Ships List |accessdate=28 January 2017}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/43-12.htm |title=Seekrieg 1943, Dezember |accessdate=27 January 2017 |last=Rohwer |first=Jürgen |authorlink=Jürgen Rohwer |author2=Gerhard Hümmelchen |work=Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart |publisher= |language=German }}
8. ^[https://docplayer.dk/3208208-Midt-i-en-moerketid-tyske-flygtninge-paa-kloevermarken-1945-49.html Midt i en mørketid : tyske flygtninge på Kløvermarken 1945-49], Ulf Kyneb, in Historiske meddelelser om København, 2006 (in Danish)
9. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Enemy ships for Russia |date=14 February 1946 |page_number=2 |issue=50376 |column=C }}
10. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Record Ocean Depth |date=2 September 1957 |page_number=7 |issue=53935 |column=G }}
11. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Radioactive Rain in the Pacific |date=7 June 1958 |page_number=5 |issue=54171 |column=F }}
12. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=U.S. denies Arabian Sea "buzzing" |date=10 November 1960 |page_number=12 |issue=54925 |column=C }}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=1366238 |title=VITYAZ - IMO 5382609 |publisher=Shipspotting |accessdate=28 January 2016}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://world-ocean.ru/en/museum/who-we-are |title=Who We Are |publisher=Museum of World Oceans |first=Svetlana |last=Sivkova |location=Kaliningrad |accessdate=28 January 2017}}
{{Empire F ships}}{{December 1943 shipwrecks}}{{Surviving ocean going ships}}{{coord missing|Kaliningrad Oblast}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Vityaz}}

15 : 1939 ships|Ships built in Bremen (state)|Cargo liners|World War II merchant ships of Germany|Auxiliary ships of the Kriegsmarine|Hospital ships in World War II|Maritime incidents in December 1943|Empire ships|Ministry of War Transport ships|Merchant ships of the United Kingdom|Merchant ships of the Soviet Union|Research vessels of the Soviet Union|Merchant ships of Russia|Museum ships in Russia|Museums in Kaliningrad Oblast
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