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词条 S-1 (satellite)
释义

  1. Mission

  2. Launch

  3. Aftermath

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{DISPLAYTITLE:S-1 (satellite)}}{{Good article}}{{Short description|Geoscience satellite in the Explorers program; launch vehicle failed}}{{Use American English|date=May 2018}}{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2018}}{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = S-1
| names_list = {{Unbulleted list|Explorer S-1|Explorer 7X}}
| image = File:Juno II AM-16 (3).jpg
| image_caption = The Juno II rocket carrying S-1 destroyed by Range safety 5.5 seconds after liftoff
| image_alt = Technical drawing of a satellite with labels
| mission_type = Geoscience
| operator = NASA
| mission_duration = 5.5 seconds
| manufacturer =
| launch_mass = {{convert|41.5|kg|lb}}
| dimensions = {{convert|76x71|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| power =
| launch_date = {{start-date|July 16, 1959 16:37}} UTC
| launch_rocket = Juno II AM-16
| launch_site = Cape Canaveral LC-5
| launch_contractor =
| destroyed = {{end-date|July 16, 1959 16:37}} UTC
| programme = Explorers program
| previous_mission = Explorer 5
| next_mission = Explorer 6
}}

S-1, also known as Explorer S-1 and Explorer 7X, was a geoscience satellite equipped with a suite of scientific instruments to study the environment around the Earth. The spacecraft and its Juno II launch vehicle were destroyed five seconds after launch on July 16, 1959, in a spectacular launch failure caused by complications with the rocket's power supply. A relaunch of the mission in October 1959, Explorer 7 (S-1A), was successful.

Mission

The S-1 mission was planned to be the sixth flight of the Explorers program, designated Explorer S-1, and Explorer 7X retrospectively.[1] The objectives of the mission were to measure the Earth's radiation balance, and the abundance of Lyman-alpha x-rays and cosmic rays, including heavy primary cosmic rays.[1] The spacecraft was also designed as a test bed for satellite capabilities, being equipped with instruments to measure the spacecraft's temperature, micrometeorite impacts, and the erosion of solar cells exposed to the vacuum of space.[1] The spin-stabilized spacecraft was {{convert|76x71|cm|in|abbr=off}} in size, and had a launch mass of {{convert|41.5|kg|lb|abbr=off}}.[1][2] The spacecraft's power was drawn from a bank of fifteen nickel–cadmium batteries recharged by 3,000 solar cells mounted on the exterior of the spacecraft.[2]

Launch

The S-1 spacecraft was mounted atop a Juno II launch vehicle with the serial AM-16.[3] It was launched on July 16, 1959, at 16:37 UTC, from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 5.[4] Immediately after liftoff, a short circuit of the rocket's guidance system caused the Rocketdyne S-3D engines to gimbal, tilting the rocket sharply to the west before almost flipping upside down.[2][5] Five-and-a-half seconds after launch, the Range Safety Officer destroyed the rocket. The rocket's payload impacted the ground {{convert|76|m|ft|abbr=off}} northwest of the launch site, resulting in a massive fireball.[2][5]

Aftermath

In an investigation conducted after the launch failure, it was found that the short circuit occurred between two diodes in the rocket's power supply inverter voltage regulator, cutting off power to the guidance system and causing a full gimbal.[5] Circuit board designs for the Juno II, and similar rockets, subsequently used conformal coating to reduce the chances for a recurrence.[5] The launch, described by commentators as "infamous" and "one of the most spectacular failures ever seen at [Cape Canaveral]",[2][5][6] was the third of the Juno II rocket, after it failed to carry Pioneer 3 into heliocentric orbit in December 1958,[7][8] but succeeded in the same objective in March 1959, carrying the United States' first interplanetary mission, Pioneer 4.[9][10] S-1 was the first geocentric orbit launch attempt for the rocket; its second attempt on August 14, 1959, carrying the Beacon 2 inflatable sphere experiment to low Earth orbit, also failed.[5][11] Eventually, both the Juno II and a re-launch of the S-1 mission, designated Explorer 7 or S-1A, found success on October 13, 1959.[12][13] The satellite, which ended its mission in August 1961, is still orbiting the Earth today.[11][14]

See also

{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
  • List of Explorers program missions
  • Vanguard TV3

References

1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|author1=NSSDCA staff|title=Explorer 7X - Details|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=EXP-7X|website=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|publisher=Goddard Space Flight Center|accessdate=May 5, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505060850/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=EXP-7X|archivedate=May 5, 2018|language=en-US|date=March 21, 2017}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|last1=LePage|first1=Andrew|title=Vintage Micro: The Second-Generation Explorer Satellites|url=https://www.drewexmachina.com/2015/09/03/vintage-micro-the-second-generation-explorer-satellites/|website=Drew Ex Machina|publisher=Mellarium|accessdate=May 5, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505054504/https://www.drewexmachina.com/2015/09/03/vintage-micro-the-second-generation-explorer-satellites/|archivedate=May 5, 2018|language=en-US|date=September 3, 2015}}
3. ^{{cite web|author1=Krebs, Gunter Dirk|title=Juno-2|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/juno-2.htm|website=Gunter's Space Page|accessdate=May 5, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505053527/http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/juno-2.htm|archivedate=May 5, 2018|language=en-US|date=December 12, 2017}}
4. ^{{cite web|author1=NSSDCA staff|title=Explorer 7X - Trajectory Details|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=EXP-7X|website=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|publisher=Goddard Space Flight Center|accessdate=May 5, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505060147/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=EXP-7X|archivedate=May 5, 2018|language=en-US|date=March 21, 2017}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|last1=Kyle|first1=Ed|title=KING OF GODS: The Jupiter Missile Story, Part 5|url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/jupiter5.html|website=Space Launch Report|accessdate=May 5, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505055523/http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/jupiter5.html|archivedate=May 5, 2018|language=en-US|date=July 16, 2011}}
6. ^{{cite web|last1=Kyle|first1=Ed|title=KING OF GODS: The Jupiter Missile Story, Part 6|url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/jupiter6.html|website=Space Launch Report|accessdate=May 5, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505054906/http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/jupiter6.html|archivedate=May 5, 2018|language=en-US|date=July 31, 2011|quote=Only two months after the infamous Juno II AM-16 failure off LC 5 ...}}
7. ^{{cite web|title=In Depth - Pioneer 3|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer-3/in-depth/|website=NASA Solar System Exploration|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)|accessdate=May 5, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505064133/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer-3/in-depth/|archivedate=May 5, 2018|language=en-US|date=January 25, 2018}}
8. ^{{cite web|author1=NASA Archives|title=Space History Photo: Pioneer III Probe|url=https://www.space.com/24885-pioneer-iii-probe.html|website=Space.com|publisher=Purch Group|accessdate=May 5, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505064303/https://www.space.com/24885-pioneer-iii-probe.html|archivedate=May 5, 2018|language=en-US|date=March 3, 2014}}
9. ^{{cite web|last1=Granath|first1=Bob|title=Pioneer 4 Marked NASA's First Exploration Mission Beyond Earth|url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/pioneer-4-marked-nasas-first-exploration-mission-beyond-earth|website=Kennedy Space Center|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)|accessdate=May 5, 2018|archiveurl=https://archive.is/3f4se|archivedate=May 5, 2018|language=en-US|date=February 20, 2014}}
10. ^{{cite web|author1=Marshall Space Flight Center staff|title=Background on the Juno II|url=https://history.msfc.nasa.gov/juno/background_junoII.pdf|website=Marshall Space Flight Center|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)|accessdate=May 5, 2018|archiveurl=https://archive.is/iTZCD|archivedate=May 5, 2018|language=en-US}}
11. ^1 {{cite web|author1=NSSDCA staff|title=Beacon 2 - Details|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=BEAC2|website=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|publisher=Goddard Space Flight Center|accessdate=May 5, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505062514/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=BEAC2|archivedate=May 5, 2018|language=en-US|date=March 21, 2017}}
12. ^{{cite web|author1=SSEC staff|title=50 Year Anniversary of Explorer 7 Launch|url=http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/media/spotlight/explorer7.html|website=Space Science and Engineering Center|publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison|accessdate=May 5, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505062559/http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/media/spotlight/explorer7.html|archivedate=May 5, 2018|language=en-US|date=October 12, 2009}}
13. ^{{cite web|author1=NSSDCA staff|title=Explorer 7 - Details|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1959-009A|website=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|publisher=Goddard Space Flight Center|accessdate=May 5, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505062240/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1959-009A|archivedate=May 5, 2018|language=en-US|date=March 21, 2017}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Space Objects Listed by International Designator|url=http://usspaceobjectsregistry.state.gov/registry/index.cfm?fuseaction=home|website=U.S. Space Objects Registry|publisher=United States Department of State|accessdate=May 5, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030213556/http://usspaceobjectsregistry.state.gov/registry/index.cfm?fuseaction=home|archivedate=October 30, 2007|language=en-US|deadurl=yes}}

External links

{{Commons category|Explorer S-1}}
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61A6cpSXsnA Footage of the S-1 launch] narrated by Dave Mohr on YouTube
{{Explorers program}}{{Orbital launches in 1959}}{{DEFAULTSORT:S-45 (Satellite)}}

3 : Spacecraft launched in 1959|Satellite launch failures|Explorers program (NASA)
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