| 词条 | Sabaté brothers |
| 释义 |
The Sabaté brothers Quico and Pepe were among the famed Spanish maquis of the Francoist post-Civil War period. They participated in an anarchist guerrilla vigilante group of expropriators prior to the war. Afterwards, as maquis, they turned their focus from unlikely anarchist mass insurrection to converting others to anti-Francoism. The maquis descended from exile in the French Pyrenees to the Barcelona area, attacking Francoists and continuing vigilante robberies as a form of propaganda by deed. Their youngest brother, Manuel, rode with another maquis in defiance of his brothers' request that he pursue other work. Manuel was quickly caught in a police trap and executed in 1949. Los NovatosThe Sabaté brothers, Quico and Pepe, were raised in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, a Barcelonean suburb in a time when anarchist organizations played more regular and practical roles in day-to-day living than government.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=71}} Their father was a policeman, but had retired by the time they had become famed expropriators.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=90}} Many future maquis were raised in these Barcelonean industrial suburbs of the 1920s and 1930s, and were steeped in the anarchist tradition indigenous to Barcelona.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=70}} During those two decades, expropriators banded together in action/affinity groups in a time of pistolerisme ("gun law"), in which armed anarchist, urban guerrillas committed small-scale violence against the bourgeoisie with vigilante justice against their enemies.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=72}} Brothers Quico and Pepe participated in a group called Los Novatos, or "The Rookies". During a 1933 anarchist uprising, they downed L'Hospitalet's power supply.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=72}} Unlike the expropriators, however, who sought to incite insurrection towards the anarchist revolution, the guerrillas known as the maquis, as a result of the Spanish Civil War sought the fall of Franco first, as anarchist revolution became a remote possibility.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=73}} For this group, "propaganda of the deed" meant converting others to anti-Francoism, not anarchist insurrection.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=74}} During the Spanish Civil War, Quico Sabaté was known to even protect members of the bourgeoisie, as long as they did not support fascism, and hid some such people in his house to protect them from radical Republicans.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=73}} Quico had evolved to this position, having seen what his anti-fascist but non-anarchist fellow Republicans sacrificed during the war.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=74}} Quico and Pepe joined a local Republican defense group that served on the Aragon front.{{sfn|Sheehan|2004|p=97}} Through 1949, the decade after the war,{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=75}} Republican guerrillas maquis lived in exile in the French Pyrenees and would regularly return to Spain to expropriate money and assassinate Francoist loyalists.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=66}} The maquis of Barcelona treated their social role with some theatricality and were known to have a level of friendliness and respect even while robbing people in their hometown. Their work was as much for personal gain as it was propaganda to share their message among their local comrades,{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=76}} who continued to support them.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=79}} After one robbery, the Sabaté group left a note indicating that they, "anarchist resisters" and not "robbers", would redistribute the food to children of killed anti-fascists and continue fighting for freedom.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=88}} The Sabaté brothers Quico and Pepe were among the most famed maquis{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=71}} and Quico himself, legendary.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=119}} was an effective propagandist who would engage in risky public displays, such as during robberies, to reaffirm both the importance of resisting the Franco regime and Sabaté's own example of resisting their order.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=89}} During his clandestine sojourns into Spain, Sabaté was known to make personal effort, at considerable risk, to visit and maintain friendships with his former neighbors of L'Hospitalet. These acts were partly to maintain his reputation as a member of the community, despite being an exile and fugitive.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|pp=79–80}} Quico's reputation traces to October 1945, when he freed three anarchist prisoners under police escort. He would ride across the Spanish–French border, staying briefly in Spain and escaping into the French mountains. In March 1949, he attempted to assassinate the police commissioner Eduardo Quintela. His attack on the wrong car killed its occupants. Upon his return to France, Quico was jailed through 1955. In late 1959, he returned to Spain for the last time. In January 1960, he and his group was surrounded in a Gerona farmhouse. Quico escaped, wounded, and commandeered a train. After seeking medical treatment for his now gangrenous wound, Quico was spotted and killed on January 5.{{sfn|Beevor|2007|p=469}} PepePepe Sabaté was sighted while exiting a tram in Barcelona's Plaza de Urquinaona in late 1949. Thinking that he might be followed, he drew his pistol and, when accosted by two police officers, shot and killed one. The other shot Pepe, who resisted but would bleed out of his mortal wounds in Calle Baixa de Sant Pere. His wife and son continued to live in French exile.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=119}} ManuelQuico and Pepe's younger brother, Manuel, was less political in comparison to his brothers. He pursued his dream of becoming a matador, spending his late teens in Andalucia, but later abandoned this pursuit and traveled to Eus in the Pyrenees mountains to join his brothers as a maquis. Quico and Pepe suggested that Manuel stay, study, and work in France instead. They doubted his devotion to the maquis cause and did not want Manuel along on their sojourns into Spain. Manuel defied them and convinced Ramon Vila Capdevila and an Italian anarchist to let him ride alongside in 1949.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=114}} They met up with another group but split off near Barcelona towards Vila's area, Berga.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|pp=114–115}} Awaiting them was a police trap from which Vila escaped and Manuel was caught. It was Manuel's first arrest but his namesake guaranteed a death sentence.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=115}} In prison, Manuel continued his propaganda by deed with reckless bravery and little effect, having no audience. He botched an escape attempt by irreparably destroying his toilet while looking for surfaces to dig out with a spoon. He was punished and later executed.{{sfn|Hayes|2015|p=115}} References1. ^{{cite book|last=Knowles|first=Dorothy|title=Armand Gatti in the Theatre: Wild Duck Against the Wind|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-zvgXUlzOsC&pg=PA279|year=1989|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-3371-7|page=279}} Bibliography{{refbegin}}
Further reading{{refbegin}}
5 : Spanish anarchists|Spanish maquis|People from L'Hospitalet de Llobregat|Catalan anarchists|Spanish military personnel of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction) |
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