| 词条 | Samar Island Natural Park |
| 释义 |
| name = Samar Island Natural Park | alt_name = Samar Natural Park | iucn_category = II | photo = Panhulugan Cliff at Sohoton Natural Bridge National Park.JPG | photo_alt = | photo_caption = Entrance to the Panhulugan Cave at the Sohoton Natural Bridge Park | photo_width = | map = Philippines | relief = 2 | map_alt = | map_caption = Location in the Philippines | map_width = 220 | location = Samar | nearest_city = Tacloban | coords = {{coord|12|2|8.16|N|125|12|39.6|E|region:PH|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = | area = {{convert|333300|ha}} | established = February 20, 1996 (forest reserve)[1] August 13, 2003 (natural park)[2] | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = Department of Environment and Natural Resources | url = | child = | embedded = }} The Samar Island Natural Park, in Samar, is the largest contiguous tract of old-growth forest in the Philippines. It is the country's largest terrestrial protected area, with an area of {{convert|333300|ha}}.[2][3] The buffer is spread north to south over the island's three provinces (Eastern Samar, Northern Samar and Samar province) and totals {{convert|458700|ha}}, about a third of the entire island of Samar. The park includes some of the island's well-known natural landmarks and landscapes which have been earlier designated for protection, namely the former Sohoton Natural Bridge National Park, the former Calbiga Caves Protected Landscape, the former Taft Forest Wildlife Sanctuary, the former Jicontol Watershed Forest Reserve and the former Bulosao Watershed Forest Reserve.[4] It has a large biodiversity. It is a center of plant and animal diversity and endemism in the Philippines containing a remarkable number of threatened species belonging to the Eastern Visayas and Mindanao biogeographic region.[5][6] GeographyThe Samar Island Natural Park occupies the low rugged central mountain range of the island of Samar shared by all three provinces in the island. It extends from the Northern Samar municipalities of Catubig, Las Navas, Lope de Vega, Mondragon and Silvino Lobos in the north to the Eastern Samar municipalities of Arteche, Balangiga, Balangkayan, Borongan, Can-avid, Dolores, General MacArthur, Giporlos, Hernani, Jipapad, Lawaan, Llorente, Maslog, Maydolong, Oras, Quinapondan, San Julian, Sulat and Taft; and the Samar Province municipalities of Basey, Calbayog, Calbiga, Catbalogan, Gandara, Hinabangan, Jiabong, Marabut, Matuguinao, Motiong, Paranas, Pinabacdao, San Jorge and San Jose de Buan in the island's central and southern regions.[2]The headwaters of 25 watersheds begin from the slopes located in the natural park. The largest is the Suribao watershed with an area of {{convert|60145|ha}}, followed by Can-avid ({{convert|58653|ha}}), Dolores ({{convert|48033|ha}}), Catubig ({{convert|43050|ha}}), Gandara ({{convert|39943|ha}}), and Taft ({{convert|37127|ha}}).[7] The natural park consists of an interior highland with marked accordant peaks and a surrounding limestone or karst terrain. In the southern portion, the landscape is composed of jungle-covered limestone ridges. Its geology is mostly Miocene and Holocene with a sedimentary formation consisting of basement rocks and overlying clastic rocks or limestone.[6] Its ecosystems include grasslands, agroforestry areas, forest-over-limestone, riparian ecosystem, lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, and mossy or cloud forest.[8] The park is a known habitat of the Philippine eagle. It also has a significant population of the Philippine eagle-owl, Philippine tarsier, Philippine flying lemur and Philippine tree squirrel.[6] It was declared a forest reserve in 1996 but raised to the status of natural park in 2003.[2] Sohoton Natural Bridge ParkThe Sohoton Natural Bridge Park is a conservation area and ecotourism site in the municipality of Basey known for its outstanding geological features including its natural stone bridge which connects two mountain ridges across a gorge, and an extensive cave system with unique limestone formations.[9] It covers {{convert|840|ha}} and was earlier established on July 19, 1935, through Proclamation No. 831 issued by Governor-General Frank Murphy.[10] Calbiga Caves ParkThe Langun-Gobingob cave system is within the natural park. It is considered the biggest cave in the Philippines. Taft ForestIn the municipality of Taft, Eastern Samar, {{convert|3728.98|ha}} of rainforest have been protected as a wildlife sanctuary since 1999.[11] The area is a known nesting site and natural habitat of the critically endangered Philippine eagle. The endemic giant forest raptor was first spotted in the island in the municipality of Paranas on June 15, 1856, by the British explorer John Whitehead.[12] Jicontol ForestThe Jicontol Watershed Forest Reserve, first gazetted in 1992 and reclassified as a natural park in 1998,[13][14] covers {{convert|6483|ha}} in the municipalities of Dolores, Can-avid and Maslog. It is a component of the Mounts Cabalantian–Capotoan Complex, an important bird area, which comprises the mountains of central Samar at the border of Eastern Samar and Samar provinces. This forest is home to many threatened and restricted-range species of the Mindanao and Eastern Visayas Endemic Bird Area, such as the Samar hornbill, Visayan broadbill and yellow-breasted tailorbird.[15] Its forest cover consists of typical dipterocarp and molave-dipterocarp with mid mountain type vegetation in the highest peaks reaching to {{convert|850|m|ft}}. There have also been sightings of the Southern silvery kingfisher and the Philippine eagle within the forest.[15] Bulosao WatershedThe Bulosao watershed reserve in the forests of the southern Samar mountain range adjacent to the MacArthur mountains was established in 1992 to preserve and maintain the usefulness of the Bulosao River as a source of water for domestic use and irrigation of the municipalities of Marabut and Lawaan.[16] The {{convert|4055|ha|adj=on}} forest park borders the Sulat River to the north and west, and includes Mount Honop, its highest peak at {{convert|731|m|ft}}.[17][18] FloraFaunaThreatsReferences1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1996/02/20/proclamation-no-744-s-1996/ |title=Proclamation No. 744, s. 1996 |publisher=Official Gazette (Philippines) |accessdate=20 March 2018}} {{Protected areas in Eastern Visayas}}2. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2003/08/13/proclamation-no-442-s-2003/ |title=Proclamation No. 422, s. 2003 |publisher=Official Gazette (Philippines) |accessdate=20 March 2018}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ph.undp.org/content/philippines/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/successstories/from-timber-to-tourists--community-transformation-in-samar-islan.html |title=From timber to tourists: Community transformation in Samar Island |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |accessdate=20 March 2018}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chm.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=600:protected-areas-region-viii&catid=90&Itemid=180&el_mcal_month=10&el_mcal_year=2017 |title=Protected Areas: Region VIII |publisher=Philippine Clearing House Mechanism for Biodiversity |accessdate=20 March 2018}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACQ227.pdf |title=A Review and Assessment of the Floristic Knowledge of Samar Island |publisher=USAid |author=Madulid, D.A. |date=30 November 2000 |accessdate=20 March 2018}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://annalsoftropicalresearch.com/resources/pdf%20file/Vol.%2038%20No.%202%20Full%20Paper/4.pdf |title=Post Biological Assessment of Faunal Resources in the Samar Island Natural Park |publisher=Annals of Tropical Research 38(2): 57-73 |author=Patindol, T.A. |date=2016 |accessdate=20 March 2018}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACQ240.pdf |title=Watershed Hydrology Assessment |publisher=USAid |author=Cruz, R.V.O. |date=November 2000 |accessdate=20 March 2018}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/home/momentum/environment/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=784&Itemid=228 |title=Floral Resources and Taxonomic-Biogeographical Discoveries at Samar Island Natural Park |publisher=Department of Science and Technology |accessdate=20 March 2018}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.iucn.org/content/sohoton-natural-bridge-national-park-philippines |title=Sohoton Natural Bridge National Park, Philippines |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |date=9 March 2010 |accessdate=20 March 2018}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ACF6063.1935.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext;q1=Forests+and+forestry+--+Periodicals.+--+Philippines |title=Annual report of the Director of Forestry. (1935) |publisher=University of Michigan Library |author=Philippines Bureau of Forestry |accessdate=20 March 2018}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1999/07/31/proclamation-no-155-s-1999/ |title=Proclamation No. 155, s. 1999 |publisher=Official Gazette (Philippines) |accessdate=20 March 2018}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://r8.denr.gov.ph/index.php/86-region-news-items/549-philippine-eagle-soars-in-samar-island-natural-park |title=Philippine eagle soars in Samar Island Natural Park |publisher=Department of Environment and Natural Resources |accessdate=20 March 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1992/03/26/proclamation-no-882-s-1992/ |title=Proclamation No. 882, s. 1992 |publisher=Official Gazette (Philippines) |accessdate=20 March 2018}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/03/proclamation-no-1156-s-1998/ |title=Proclamation No. 1156, s. 1998 |publisher=Official Gazette (Philippines) |accessdate=20 March 2018}} 15. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/mount-cabalantian--mount-capoto-an-complex-iba-philippines/text |title=Mount Cabalantian - Mount Capoto-an complex |publisher=BirdLife International |accessdate=20 March 2018}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1992/12/10/proclamation-no-106-s-1992/ |title=Proclamation No. 106, s. 1992 |publisher=Official Gazette (Philippines) |accessdate=20 March 2018}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/9775 |title=Southern Samar mountains |publisher=BirdLife International |accessdate=20 March 2018}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://lawaan-esamar.tripod.com/wildlife/wildlife.html |title=Faunal inventory of Bulosao Watershed Forest Reserve, Lawaan, Eastern Samar, Philippines |publisher=Lawaan LGU |author=Patindol, T.A. |accessdate=20 March 2018}} 7 : Samar Island Natural Park|Protected areas established in 1996|Protected areas established in 2003|Geography of Samar (province)|Geography of Eastern Samar|Geography of Northern Samar|Birdwatching sites in the Philippines |
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