| 词条 | Samuel Augustus Fuller |
| 释义 |
| name = Samuel Augustus Fuller Sr. | image = Samuel Augustus Fuller.jpg | alt = full profile photograph of middle-aged man in business suit wearing glasses and a fur-collar coat | caption = Samuel Augustus Fuller | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1837|08|08}} | birth_place = Vienna, Ohio, U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|1891|10|23|1837|08|08}} | death_place = Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. | nationality = American | other_names = | occupation = Iron and steel industry executive | spouse = Julia Elizabeth Clark Fuller | children = 10 }} Samuel Augustus Fuller Sr. (August 8, 1837 - October 23, 1891) was an American steel industry executive during the Gilded Age in the United States. A resident of Cleveland, Ohio, he founded the Union Iron Works and Condit-Fuller & Co., which later merged to become the Bourne-Fuller Company. Early lifeSamuel Augustus Fuller was August 8, 1837, in Vienna, Ohio,{{sfn|Avery|1918|page=39}} one of five children[1] born to Augustus and Mary Ann ({{nee}} Hutchins) Fuller.{{sfn|General Society of Mayflower Descendants|1976|page=799}}{{Efn|Mary's middle name may have been Anna.[2]}} He was a direct descendant of Edward Fuller, a passenger on the Mayflower, the ship that transported the first English Puritans (known today as Pilgrims) from Plymouth, England, to the New World in 1620. His father, Augustus Fuller, had been born in August 1805 in Burlington, Connecticut,{{sfn|General Society of Mayflower Descendants|1976|page=799}} and emigrated to Trumbull County, Ohio in 1830.[3] His mother, Mary Fuller, was born in Vienna in August 1806.{{sfn|General Society of Mayflower Descendants|1976|page=799}} She was the sister of Representative John Hutchins,[3] and daughter of Samuel Hutchins (who had walked from Connecticut to Ohio as part of a survey party in 1789).{{sfn|Upton|1909|page=326}} The Fuller family moved to Cleveland in 1847.{{sfn|Orth|1910|page=142}} Augustus founded a wholesale{{sfn|Avery|1918|page=40}} cap, hat, and fur business,[3]{{sfn|Orth|1910|page=142}} and the Fullers were co-founders of the Euclid Avenue Presbyterian Church.[3] Samuel was educated in the Cleveland public schools, graduating from Central High School in 1853 at the age of 16.{{sfn|Avery|1918|page=40}}{{sfn|Orth|1910|page=142}} Samuel joined his father's business immediately after graduation,{{sfn|Orth|1910|page=142}} where he trained as an accountant.{{sfn|Avery|1918|page=40}} He proved to be an excellent businessman, and in 1859 his father made him a partner in the firm{{sfn|Orth|1910|page=142}} (which was renamed A. Fuller & Son).{{sfn|Avery|1918|page=40}} He remained associated with his father's firm and other retail businesses for the next decade.{{sfn|Orth|1910|page=142}} Iron and steel industryThe first iron foundry in the greater Cleveland area was founded in 1834. By 1837, there were four foundries, and by 1846 there were six. All of these were small and produced inferior-quality products, as they relied on the poor-quality iron ore found in Ohio.{{sfn|Chapman|1981|pages=98, 100}} The metals industry in Cleveland in 1860 consisted of just three shops, which manufactured iron bar and plate.[4] The completion in 1856 of the Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad through the city provided the impetus for the establishment of the iron and steel industry in Cleveland{{sfn|Warren|1989|page=56}} by linking the mills to sources for raw materials, opening up regional markets for iron and steel,{{sfn|Warren|1989|page=41}} and for allowing Cleveland to serve as a transshipment center for high-quality hematite ore from the Marquette Iron Range to inland areas.{{sfn|Warren|1989|page=62}}{{sfn|Chapman|1981|pages=98, 100}} The establishment of what would become the Cleveland Rolling Mill in 1856{{sfn|MacKeigan|2011|page=45}}{{Efn|Formed as Jones & Co., it was renamed Chisholm, Jones and Co.{{sfn|Cleveland Engineering Society|1893|page=42}} in 1857 after an investment by Henry and William Chisholm.{{sfn|Telgen|2005|page=68}} After an 1860 investment by Amasa Stone and his brother, Andros,{{sfn|Telgen|2005|page=68}} the company took the name Stone, Chisholm & Jones.{{sfn|Miller|1979|page=3}} It became the Cleveland Rolling Mill on November 9, 1862, after receiving investments from Henry B. Payne, Jeptha Wade, and Stillman Witt.{{sfn|Rose|1990|page=352}}}} proved to be the starting point of the emergence of a vast steel industry in Cleveland.[4] Another 21 iron and steel mills were established in the area between 1860 and 1866, and by the end of the 1860s steel had become Cleveland's biggest industry.{{sfn|Telgen|2005|page=68}} Fuller joined the Cleveland Iron and Nail Company in 1869, and was elected secretary of the firm.{{sfn|Avery|1918|page=40}}{{sfn|Orth|1910|page=142}}[5] That same year, Fuller founded the Union Iron Works{{sfn|Avery|1918|page=41}}{{Efn|Also known as the Union Iron Works Company.{{sfn|Swank|1876|page=48}}}} at what is now the northeast corner of the intersection of Union Avenue and E. 78th Street in Cleveland{{sfn|MacKeigan|2011|page=45}} to reroll worn railway rails.{{sfn|MacKeigan|2011|page=59}} Henry Chisholm purchased the company in 1871 and combined it with the Aetna Iron and Nail Company.{{sfn|Warren|1989|pages=59, 63}}{{Efn|This firm was established in June 1867{{sfn|Ohio Secretary of State|1868|page=303}} at what is now the intersection of Aetna Road and E. 82nd Street. This was land owned by Fuller.[6]}} Chisholm built the massive Emma Furnace at the Union Iron site in 1872.{{sfn|Swank|1876|page=48}} In 1878, Canada imposed a steep tariff on imported iron and steel.{{sfn|Knuttila|1994|pages=6-7}} Fuller transplanted his family to Hamilton, Ontario, that same year, where he founded an iron mill to meet the sudden increase in demand for domestic Canadian metals.{{sfn|Orth|1910|page=142}}[11] Fuller returned to Cleveland in 1880. He bought back his old company from Chisholm, renaming it the Union Rolling Mill Co.{{sfn|Avery|1918|page=41}}{{sfn|Cleveland Engineering Society|1893|page=43}} The following year, Fuller and partner Paul P. Condit formed Condit, Fuller & Co. This new firm marketed the iron and steel Fuller's mills were producing.{{sfn|Avery|1918|page=41}} Henry Chisholm, who had retained ownership of the Emma Furnace, spun it off as the Newburg Furnace Co. in January 1882.{{sfn|Ohio Secretary of State|1882|page=139}} Fuller purchased it in August 1883 and made it part of the Union Rolling Mill Co. again.[7] Paul P. Condit died in February 1886,[8] forcing Fuller to take on additional duties at the firm. To ease the workload, he brought his son, Horace A. Fuller, into the firm as a partner.{{sfn|Avery|1918|page=41}} DeathSamuel Augustus Fuller died on October 23, 1891.{{sfn|Avery|1918|page=39}} He had complained of feeling unwell the night before, and went to bed at about 11 P.M. He was discovered dead in his sleep from an apparent heart attack at 1:30 A.M. the following morning.[9] He left an estate worth about $40,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|40000|1891|r=-5}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars).[10]{{Efn|Fuller had already settled much of his property on his older children at the time of his death. His will provided that his three younger daughters each receive $3,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|3000|1891|r=-5}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars) in stock; that $10,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|10000|1891|r=-5}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars) be set aside in trust, and the income on this money to be provided to his eldest son, Albert; and that $20,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|20000|1891|r=-5}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars) be set aside in trust, and the income on this money to be provided to his wife, Louise. Each trust would expire upon their respective deaths, with the principal going to their heirs (if any).[10]}} He was interred in the family plot at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland.[11] His will provided for the erection of a $1,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1000|1891|r=-5}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars) funerary monument at the gravesite.[10] Personal lifeSamuel Augustus Fuller amassed what The Plain Dealer newspaper called "a large fortune".[9] He owned a home at 1120 Euclid Avenue,[9] an exclusive area of the city known as "Millionaires' Row" and "The Showplace of America" for the vast number of homes owned by the ultra-wealthy located on the street.[12] Fuller was a Republican, and a lifelong Presbyterian.[9] He enjoyed all kinds of music, and sang in the Euclid Avenue Presbyterian Church choir.{{sfn|Avery|1918|page=41}} Fuller married 18-year-old Julia Elizabeth Clark of Cleveland, Ohio, on January 1, 1858.{{sfn|Carhart|1911|page=56}} She was the daughter of Albert Clark, a local banker.{{sfn|Avery|1918|page=41}} The couple had 12 children: Albert Augustus (born October 30, 1858), Kate Amelia (born November 19, 1859), Willard (born January 2, 1861), Julia Clark (born September 12, 1862; died in infancy on April 10, 1864), Horace Arthur (born September 23, 1864), Helen Williams (born June 28, 1867), Samuel Augustus Jr. (born August 19, 1868), Charles Clark (born April 30, 1870; died in infancy on December 6, 1870), Mary Elizabeth (born October 15, 1871), Frances Kellogg (born April 3, 1876), Daphne Campbell (born July 20, 1877), and Emily Lyon (born April 20, 1880).{{sfn|Carhart|1911|page=56}}{{sfn|Clark|1877|page=16}}{{sfn|Pickett|1942|page-47}} Julia Fuller died on April 23, 1880, in Hamilton, Ontario,[13] three days after giving birth to her daughter, Emily. On August 18, 1881, Fuller married Louise Allen Wood.[14] She was the daughter of John W. Allen, the fourth mayor of Cleveland (1841).{{sfn|Avery|1918|page=42}} She married Dr. George Kip Wood, a United States Army surgeon{{sfn|Wickham|1914|page=303}}[15] who had been widowed about 1873.{{sfn|Avery|1918|page=42}} She died at her home at the Hotel Roosevelt in Washington, D.C., on May 8, 1928.[16] LegacyCondit, Fuller & Co. became the Bourne-Fuller Co. in 1896 with the elevation of Herbert C. Bourne to partner.{{sfn|Progressive Men of Northern Ohio|1906|page=108}} Bourne-Fuller purchased the Upson Nut Company and the Union Rolling Mill in November 1911/[17] This marked the beginning of a number of acquisitions by Bourne-Fuller, and by 1929 it had merged with or purchased 18 companies.{{sfn|Subcommittee of the Committee on Education and Labor|1939|pages=9827-9828}} On December 17, 1929, the Bourne-Fuller Co., Central Alloy Steel, Donner Steel, and Republic Iron and Steel merged into a new company, Republic Steel Corporation.[18] References
1. ^{{cite news|title=Golden Wedding of Mr. and Mrs. A. Fuller|work=The Plain Dealer|date=February 25, 1881|page=4}} 2. ^{{cite news|title=Mortuary Notice|work=The Plain Dealer|date=January 27, 1885|page=4}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|title=Obituary|work=The Plain Dealer|date=August 14, 1882|page=8}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|title=Iron and Steel Industry|website=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History|date=2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017|url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/i/iron-and-steel-industry/}} 5. ^{{cite news|title=A Carnival Of Flame|work=The Plain Dealer|date=December 10, 1870|page=3}} 6. ^{{cite news|last=Kelly|first=S.J.|title=Henry Chisholm Booms the Newburg Mills|work=The Plain Dealer|date=April 9, 1942|page=6}} 7. ^{{cite news|title=The Scrap Heap|work=Railroad Gazette|date=August 17, 1883|page=549|accessdate=July 21, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqwxAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22Newburg%20Furnace%22&pg=PA550-IA1#v=onepage&q=%22Newburg%20Furnace%22&f=false}} 8. ^{{cite news|title=Paul P. Condit|work=The Plain Dealer|date=February 4, 1886|page=5}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|title=Died in His Prime|work=The Plain Dealer|date=October 24, 1891|page=8}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Mr. Fuller's Will|work=The Plain Dealer|date=November 24, 1891|page=3}} 11. ^{{cite news|title=The Last Of Earth|work=The Plain Dealer|date=October 27, 1891|page=6}} 12. ^{{cite news |first=Evelyn |last=Theiss |coauthors= |title=The Stockbridge in Cleveland has been sitting proudly on Euclid since the days of Millionaires' Row |url=http://www.cleveland.com/arts/index.ssf/2011/04/the_stockbridge_in_cleveland_h.html |work=The Plain Dealer |publisher= |date=2011-04-03 |accessdate=2011-04-05 }} 13. ^{{cite news|title=Death of Mrs. Julia Fuller|work=The Plain Dealer|date=April 24, 1880|page=1}} 14. ^{{cite news|title=Married|work=The Plain Dealer|date=August 19, 1881|page=8}} 15. ^{{cite news|title=Mrs. L.A. Fuller Expires|work=The Evening Star|date=May 9, 1928|page=9}} 16. ^{{cite news|title=Died|work=The Washington Post|date=May 9, 1928|page=5|postscript=none}}; {{cite news|title=Died|work=The Plain Dealer|date=May 9, 1928|page=25}} 17. ^{{cite news|title=Big Steel Firms Merge Business|work=The Plain Dealer|date=November 29, 1911|page=1}} 18. ^{{cite news|title=Huge Steel Merger in the Middle West Links $350,000,000|work=The New York Times|date=December 18, 1929|pages=1, 15}} Bibliography
7 : 1837 births|1891 deaths|Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland|Businesspeople from Cleveland|People from Vienna Township, Trumbull County, Ohio|American company founders|American steel industry businesspeople |
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