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词条 Sarah Ballard
释义

  1. Education

  2. Exoplanet discoveries

  3. Transit-timing variation

  4. Speaking out about sexual harassment

  5. Activism for women and minorities in science

  6. Fellowships

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sarah Ashley Ballard
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| image = Sarah Ballard at MIT Sexual Harassment and Gender Equity in Science talk.jpg
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| caption = Sarah Ballard at a 2017 gender equity in science talk at MIT
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1984}}
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| fields = Exoplanetary astrophysics
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| education = B.A. Astrophysics, UC Berkeley
Ph.D. Astronomy and Astrophysics, Harvard (2012)
| thesis_title = In Pursuit of New Worlds: Searches for and Studies of Transiting Exoplanets from Three Space-Based Observatories
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| thesis_year = 2012
| doctoral_advisor = David Charbonneau
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| known_for = Discovery of Kepler-19c (first exoplanet by transit-timing variation)
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| website = {{URL|http://space.mit.edu/~sarahba}}
| footnotes =
}}Sarah Ballard (born 1984[1]) is an American exoplanetary astronomer currently at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as a Torres Fellow[2][3] and L'Oreal Fellow.[4] Ballard has been a NASA Carl Sagan Fellow.[5]

She was part of a collaborative team that was the first to successfully use the transit-timing variation method. This resulted in her team’s confirmation of this theoretical search procedure and the discovery of the Kepler-19 planetary system with that technique.[5] Ballard took part in the discovery of four exoplanets (early numbered) in the Kepler spacecraft mission prior to its finding of significant quantities of planets around other stars.

Ballard has also spoken about her experience as a victim of sexual harassment,[6][7] about imposter syndrome, and about the controversy over the proposed Thirty Meter Telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories.

Education

As an undergraduate, she started out as a gender studies major at the University of California, Berkeley.[9][8] She completed a bachelor's degree from Berkeley in astrophysics in 2007, with highest distinction, with a minor in physics.[9]{{better source|date=October 2017}} She did her graduate studies at Harvard University, completing a doctorate in astronomy and astrophysics in 2012 under the supervision of David Charbonneau.[9]{{better source|date=October 2017}}

Exoplanet discoveries

She took part in the discovery of four exoplanets before she turned 30 years old, including Kepler-19c, the first exoplanet found using the transit-timing variation method on data from the Kepler mission.[10][11][12]

Planet Discoveries of Sarah Ballard
Number Planet
Designation		 Type Size Class System Constellation Discoverer(s) Year Discovery Method Telescope
1 Kepler-19b[12] Exoplanet Kepler-19 Lyra Sarah Ballard et al. Transit Kepler
2 Kepler-61b[12] Exoplanet Kepler-61 Lyra Sarah Ballard et al. Transit Kepler
3 Kepler-93b[12] Exoplanet Super-Earth[13][14] Kepler-93 Lyra Sarah Ballard et al. Transit Kepler
4 Kepler-19c Exoplanet Kepler-19 Lyra Sarah Ballard et al. 2011 Transit-timing variation Kepler
Table Legend:{{Col-begin}}{{Col-2}}

Size class = Planet radius distribution (radius of Earth).[15]


{{•}} Earths[15] = 1.0 to 1.3 Earth radii.[15]
{{•}} Super-Earths[15] = 1.3 to 2.0 Earth radii.[15]
{{•}} Small Neptunes[15] = 2.0 to 4.0 Earth radii.[15]
{{•}} Large Neptunes[15] = 4.0 to 6.0 Earth radii.[15]
{{•}} Giant Planets[15] = 6.0 to 22.6 Earth radii.[15]{{Col-2}}

Discovery method =


{{•}} Transit


{{•}} Transit-timing variation

{{Col-end}}

Transit-timing variation

The transit-timing variation method (TTV) is one of two techniques, along with the transit-duration variation method, proposed in 2001 by the Sloan Fellow astronomer Jordi Miralda-Escudé.[16] TTV was amplified upon in 2004 by astronomers Matthew J. Holman and Norman W. Murray;[17] and by {{ill|Eric Agol|de}}, Jason Steffen, Re’em Sari, and Will Clarkson.[18]

Ballard was the principal investigator in 2009's application to use the Spitzer Space Telescope to examine "The First Exoplanet Smaller than the Earth".[19] She led the team which very precisely estimated the diameter of Kepler-93b to within 1 percent, using TTV.[13][20]

Speaking out about sexual harassment

When pioneering exoplanetologist Geoffrey Marcy resigned from the UC Berkeley faculty over charges that he had sexually harassed female undergraduate students, Ballard came out publicly as one of his victims in order to help bring attention to sexual harassment in academia.[21][22][23] In an interview published by Wired,[24] she described that "In the parking lot outside her apartment [...] he gave her advice about her current relationship. She opened the door and stuck her legs out, eager to leave. [...] He put his hand on the back of her neck and told her to relax, that everything would work out with that boy".

Activism for women and minorities in science

She has written and conducted workshops on impostor syndrome.[25][26][27][28] Ballard was also involved in the proposed Thirty Meter Telescope at Mauna Kea Observatory controversy. Her friend, Keolu Fox, a native Hawaiian, helped her see the issue from an indigenous perspective.[46] Ballard spoke about the issue despite fears about the effects it may have on her career.[29]

Scientists, including Ballard, have expressed concern in "An open letter to SCOTUS from professional physicists drafted by the Equity & Inclusion in Physics & Astronomy group"[30] following oral arguments in the U.S. Supreme Court case commonly known as Fisher II involving inclusiveness in admissions policies at the University of Texas.

Fellowships

She was a NASA Carl Sagan Fellow at the University of Washington where she did postdoctoral work;[31] and in 2015 was awarded a Women in Science Fellows postdoctoral fellowship by L'Oréal USA to continue her research at MIT.[4]

See also

  • Methods of detecting exoplanets

References

1. ^{{Youtube|9Ll0xQVE7nA|Sarah Ballard, "Directions to the Nearest Alien Earth-like Planet"}}, NYU Special [Public] Colloqium, 2013 October 11.
2. ^{{citation|title=Meet 5 Scientists Paving the Path for Women in STEM: L'Oréal announces recipients of the For Women in Science Fellowship|work=Elle|date=October 13, 2015|author=Kristina RODULFO|url=http://www.elle.com/beauty/news/g27139/loreal-usa-women-in-science-fellows-2015/}}
3. ^{{citation|title=Congresswoman Speier to Host Discussion about Sexual Harassment in Science|date=July 13, 2016|website=United States House of Representatives official website|author=Jackie Speier|url=https://speier.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/congresswoman-speier-host-discussion-about-sexual-harassment-science}}
4. ^1 {{citation|title=L'Oréal USA Announces 2015 For Women in Science Fellows|date=October 13, 2015|url=http://www.lorealusa.com/press-releases/loreal-usa-announces-2015-for-women-in-science-fellows.aspx|publisher=L'Oréal USA}}
5. ^{{citation|authors=Ballard et al. (31 authors)|year=2011|arxiv=1109.1561|title=The Kepler-19 System: A Transiting Planet and a Second Planet Detected via Transit Timing Variations|bibcode = 2011ApJ...743..200B |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/200 }}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Education/2015/1014/Was-UC-Berkeley-too-easy-on-professor-accused-of-sexual-harassment-video|title=Was UC Berkeley too easy on professor accused of sexual harassment?|date=14 October 2015|publisher=|via=Christian Science Monitor}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/11/science/astronomer-apologizes-for-behavior.html|title=Geoffrey Marcy, Astronomer at Berkeley, Apologizes for Behavior|first=Dennis|last=Overbye|date=10 October 2015|publisher=|via=www.nytimes.com}}
8. ^{{cite web|last1=Meinbresse|first1=Debbie|title=3Q: Sarah Ballard on astrophysics and gender equity in science|url=http://news.mit.edu/2015/3q-sarah-ballard-astrophysics-and-gender-equity-science-1113|website=MIT News|date=November 13, 2015}}
9. ^1 {{citation|url=http://www.drsarahballard.com/s/Ballard_longform_CV.pdf|title=Curriculum vitae: Sarah Ballard|accessdate=2015-10-13}}
10. ^1 {{citation|title=Seattle astronomer discovers four planets before she turns 30|date=September 10, 2014|author=Rachel Bell|publisher=KIRO radio|url=http://kiroradio.com/874/2605620/Seattle-astronomer-discovers-four-planets-before-she-turns-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420011016/http://kiroradio.com/874/2605620/Seattle-astronomer-discovers-four-planets-before-she-turns-30|archivedate=2015-04-20}}
11. ^{{citation|publisher=Space.com|title=Stealth Alien Planet Discovered By New Technique|author=Mike Wall | date= September 8, 2011|url=http://www.space.com/12879-stealth-alien-planet-kepler-transit-timing-variation.html}}
12. ^1 2 3 {{citation|title=The Seattle astronomer who discovered 4 planets before age 30|author=Jake Uitti|work=Crosscut|date=October 15, 2014|url=http://crosscut.com/2014/10/seattle-astronomer-sarah-ballard-carl-sagan/}}
13. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Phillips|first1=Tony|title=Exoplanet measured with remarkable precision|url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/18aug_sizeup/|accessdate=16 May 2016|work=NASA Science News|date=August 19, 2014|quote="A team led by Sarah Ballard..."}}
14. ^{{cite news|last1=O'Neill|first1=Ian|title=Most Precise Measurement of an Alien World Achieved|url=http://news.discovery.com/space/alien-life-exoplanets/most-precise-measurement-of-an-alien-world-achieved-140725.htm|accessdate=16 May 2016|work=Discovery.com|date=July 25, 2014}}
15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{Youtube|26ZOrszExvs|Sarah Ballard, "Exoplanet Validation by Asteroseismology"}}, NYU Physics Colloqium, 2013 October 10.
16. ^Miralda-Escudé, Jordi (2001), “Orbital perturbations of transiting planets: A possible method to measure stellar quadrupoles and to detect Earth-mass planets”, 2001 arXiv: 0104034; 2002 ApJ 564 1019.
17. ^Holman, Matthew J.; and Murray, Norman W. (2004), “The Use of Transit Timing to Detect Extrasolar Planets with Masses as Small as Earth”, 2004 arXiv: 0412028; 2005 Science 307 1288.
18. ^Agol, Eric; Steffen, Jason; Sari, Re'em; and Clarkson, Will (2004), “On detecting terrestrial planets with timing of giant planet transits”; 2004 arXiv: 0412032; 2005 MNRAS 359 567.
19. ^{{cite web|title=Spitzer Space Telescope - Directors Discretionary Time Proposal #541|url=http://ssc.spitzer.caltech.edu/warmmission/scheduling/approvedprograms/ddt/541.txt|website=Spitzer Science Center|accessdate=16 May 2016}}
20. ^{{Cite journal|title=Astrophysics: Best gauge of exoplanet size|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=97379261&site=ehost-live|journal=Nature|volume=512|issue=7512|pages=9–9|doi=10.1038/512009b|subscription=yes|via=EBSCO|bibcode = 2014Natur.512R...9. }}
21. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/14/uc-berkeley-astronomy-professor-quits-amid-sexual-harassment-allegations|newspaper=The Guardian|title=UC Berkeley astronomy professor quits amid sexual harassment allegations|date=October 14, 2015}}
22. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/science/2015/10/16/local-astronomer-helped-bring-attention-to-issue-of-sexual-harassment-in-science|newspaper=Boston.com|date=October 16, 2015|first= Allison|last=Pohle|title=Local astronomer helped bring attention to issue of sexual harassment in science}}
23. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2015/10/15/light-shed-dark-matter-campus-professor-geoffrey-marcys-resignation-comes-concerns-sexual-harassment-sciences/|newspaper=Daily Californian|title=Light shed on a dark matter|date=October 15, 2015|first=Zoe|last=Kleinfeld}}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/07/happens-harassment-whistleblower-goes-science-job-market/|title=What Happens When a Harassment Whistleblower Goes on the Science Job Market|language=en-US|access-date=2016-07-17}}
25. ^{{citation|title=Impostor syndrome workshop|work=Official website|author=Sarah Ballard|publisher=University of Washington Dept. of Astronomy|url=http://www.astro.washington.edu/users/sarahba/Impostor_Syndrome_Workshop.html}}
26. ^{{citation|title=The Mismeasure of Woman|author=Sarah Ballard|year=2011|publisher=Scientista Foundation|url=http://www.scientistafoundation.com/imposture-effect.html}}
27. ^{{citation|title=Tips to Defeat Your Inner Imposter|date=October 7, 2015|author=Katherine Pratt|publisher=Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering |url=http://csne-erc.org/engage-enable/post/tips-defeat-your-inner-imposter}}
28. ^{{citation|title=Impostor syndrome|author=Jason T. Wright|work=blog|publisher=Pennsylvania State University|date=June 2, 2015|url=http://sites.psu.edu/astrowright/2015/06/02/imposter-syndrome/}}
29. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Lemonick|first=Michael|date=18 April 2015|title=INSIGHT Mauna Kea Controversy|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=102169335&site=ehost-live|journal=New Scientist|volume=226|issue=3017|page=1|doi=|pmid=|access-date=14 May 2016|subscription=yes|via=EBSCO}}
30. ^https://eblur.github.io/scotus/ , entry 901.
31. ^1 {{citation|title=Sagan Postdoctoral Fellow and Michelson Fellow Recipients: 2012 Class of Sagan Fellows|publisher=NASA Exoplanet Science Institute at Caltech|url=http://nexsci.caltech.edu/sagan/postdocRecipients.shtml|accessdate=2017-10-18}}

External links

  • {{Official website|http://space.mit.edu/~sarahba}}
  • I Parasailed Planet KOI 314.02 And All I Got Was This Lousy T-Shirt, The Takeaway (radio show), March 3, 2015, guest Sarah Ballard
  • {{citation|url=http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/spitzer/kepler/precise-measurement-alien-world-20140723|title=The Most Precise Measurement of an Alien World's Size|publisher= NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory|date=July 24, 2014|quote=Ballard and her team have made a major scientific advance...}}
{{Portalbar|Astronomy|Space|Astrobiology|Star}}{{Exoplanet|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ballard, Sarah}}

8 : University of Washington people|American astronomers|Women astronomers|University of California, Berkeley alumni|Harvard University alumni|Living people|1984 births|21st-century astronomers
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