| 词条 | Alice Kyteler |
| 释义 |
Dame Alice Kyteler (1263 – later than 1325) was the first recorded person condemned for witchcraft in Ireland.[1][2] She fled the country, but her servant Petronilla de Meath was flogged and burned to death at the stake on 3 November 1324. LifeKyteler was born in Kyteler's House, County Kilkenny, Ireland, the only child of a Flemish family of merchants settled in Ireland since the mid-late thirteenth century.[3][4] She was married four times, to William Outlaw, Adam le Blund, Richard de Valle and Sir John le Poer.
In 1302, Kyteler and her second husband were briefly accused of killing her first husband. She incurred local resentment because of her vast wealth and involvement in moneylending. When her fourth husband, John le Poer, fell ill in 1324, he expressed the suspicion that he was being poisoned. After his death, the children of le Poer and of her previous three husbands accused her of using poison and sorcery (maleficarum) against their fathers and of favouring her first-born son, William Outlaw. In addition, she and her followers were accused of:
TrialRichard de Ledrede, Bishop of Ossory, was obsessed with the laws of the church and morality.[9] When the case was presented before him in 1324, he seized the opportunity to tackle what he considered the important issue of witchcraft.[10]Ledrede made initial attempts to have Kyteler arrested, and Kyteler called on the assistance of powerful friends. The bishop was jailed and questioned by Sir Arnold le Poer, Seneschal of Kilkenny. On Ledrede's release he renewed his efforts to have Kyteler imprisoned. The bishop wrote to the Chancellor of Ireland, Roger Utlagh (Outlaw), demanding that she should be arrested. Ledrede's use of the decretal, designed to protect the faith Ut inquisitions (1298), demanded that secular powers should concede to church wishes, and this point of law became a thorny issue throughout the trial.[8] Kyteler was related to the Chancellor (he was probably her first husband's brother) and he asked the bishop to drop the case. A delay in proceedings (the Chancellor insisted the accused be excommunicated 40 days before arrest) allowed Alice to flee to Roger Utlagh; Ledrede accused him of harboring heretics. Alice and her accomplices were accused of and investigated on seven accounts:
After some months of stalemate, one of Kyteler's servants, Petronella de Meath, was tortured, and confessed to witchcraft. Her confession detailed her involvement, along with Alice's, in six out of seven of the above listed crimes. It would seem, although her testimony was likely forced and unreliable, that the accusers gained most of their information from this confession.[12] Although the testimony did implicate Kyteler to performing heresy, questions concerning Petronella's credibility come into light, especially when examining the contents of her confession. In Ledrede's retelling of Petronella's confession, he writes: On one of these occasions, by the crossroads outside the city, she had made an offering of three cocks to a certain demon whom she called Robert, son of Art (Robertum filium Artis), from the depths of the underworld. She had poured out the cocks' blood, cut the animals into pieces and mixed the intestines with spiders and other black worms like scorpions, with a herb called milfoil as well as with other herbs and horrible worms. She had boiled this mixture in a pot with the brains and clothes of a boy who had died without baptism and with the head of a robber who had been decapitated ... Petronella said she had several times at Alice's instigation and once in her presence, consulted demons and received answers. She had consented to a pact whereby she would be the medium between Alice and the said Robert, her friend. In public, she said that with her own eyes she had seen the aforesaid demon as three shapes (praedictus daemon tertius), in the form of three black men (aethiopum) each carrying an iron rod in the hand. This apparition happened by daylight (de die) before the said Dame Alice, and, while Petronella herself was watching, the apparition had intercourse with Alice. After this disgraceful act, with her own hand she (Alice?) wiped clean the disgusting place with sheets (kanevacio) from her own bed.[13] Given that ergot poisoning was prevalent in 14th century Europe, scholars argue that Petronella could have suffered from an ergot-induced fever dream, whose effects would be similar to that of LSD's. In other words, Petronella may have believed to have seen these events because she was hallucinating. However, in spite of this, Petronella's testimony in the trial lead to her death. Petronilla was burnt at the stake for witchcraft and heresy. She was the first person in Ireland to be burnt at the stake for these crimes, and the first sentenced to death for heresy. Her testimony was also enough to lead prosecutors to move forward against Kyteler.[14] It is said Kyteler fled to England. She appears no further in contemporary records. The Bishop continued to pursue her working-class associates, bringing charges of witchcraft against them. Petronella de Meath was flogged and burned at the stake on 3 November 1324. Petronella's daughter, Basilia, fled with Kyteler. Kyteler's son, William Outlaw, was also accused inter alia, of heresy, usury, perjury, adultery, and clericide. William "recanted" and was ordered to hear three masses a day for a year and to feed the poor. Chronology of events[15]
SignificanceIn the late thirteenth and fourteenth century, heresy was considered as evidence of the struggle with the devil, with the "dangers" of witchcraft voiced by the papacy in Avignon.[4] Pope John XXII listed witchcraft as a heresy in his bull Super illius specula. Kyteler's was one of the first European witchcraft trials, and followed closely on the election of this pope (1316–1334).[8] Kyteler's case appears to involve the first recorded claim of a witch lying with her incubus. Annales Hiberniae state that: Ricardus Ledered, episcopus Ossoriensis, citavit Aliciam Ketil, ut se purgaret de heretica pravitate; quae magiae convicta est, nam certo comprobatum est, quendam demonem incubum (nomine Robin Artisson) concubuisse cum ea ... – that is, that Kyteler had intercourse with a demon named as "Robin Artisson".[16]Literary references"Lady Kyteler" figures in William Butler Yeats' poem "Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen":
The Stone, a novel about the times of Alice Kyteler, was published in 2008, written by a Kilkenny woman named Claire Nolan. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130423115711/http://thestonemusical.com/ A musical version] of The Stone, based on Nolan's book premiered in Kilkenny in 2011. Robin Morgan wrote a novel, The Burning Time (Melville House, 2006; {{ISBN|978-1-933633-00-8}}) about Alice Kyteler.[18]A short story by Emma Donoghue, 'Looking for Petronilla', tells the story of Alice Kyteler and her maid. The story appears in the collection The Woman Who Gave Birth to Rabbits (Virago, 2002). The Kyteler Witch, is a novel that explores the relationship between Petronella de Meath and her employer Lady Alice Kyteler, written by Candace Muncy Poole, 2014. The trial is mentioned in Umberto Eco's novel The Name of the Rose in a conversation between William of Baskerville and Abo the abbott [19] References1. ^Davidson, Sharon, and John O. Ward, trans. The Sorcery Trial of Alice Kyteler: A Contemporary Account (1324). Asheville, N.C.: Pegasus Press, 2004. 2. ^{{cite book |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Thomas |title=A Contemporary Narrative of the Proceedings Against Dame Alice Kyteler, Prosecuted for Sorcery in 1324, by Richard de Ledrede, Bishop of Ossory |location=London |publisher=The Camden Society |date=1843 |url=https://archive.org/details/contemporarynarr00kyte}} 3. ^{{cite book |chapter=Chapter II: "Dame Alice Kyteler, the Sorceress of Kilkenny |title=Irish Witchcraft and Demonology |first=St. John D., B.D. |last=Seymour |date=1913 |pages=25–26 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/irishwitchcraftd00seymrich#page/24/mode/2up}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=McAuliffe|first1=Mary|title=From Alice Kyteler to Florance Newton: Witchcraft in Medieval Ireland|journal=The History Review XII|date=2001|pages=39–40}} 5. ^{{cite ODNB |title=Kyteler [Kettle], Alice (fl. 1302–1324) |first=Anne R. |last=Neary |id=15488}} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Curran|first=Bob|title=A Bewitched Land: Ireland's Witches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amKNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|year=2012|publisher=O'Brien Press|isbn=978-1-84717-505-2}} 7. ^{{Cite book|title=The Sorcery Trial of Alice Kyteler: A Contemporary Account (1324)|last=Ledrede|first=Richard|publisher=Pegasus PRess|year=2004|isbn=|location=Asheville, North Carolina|pages=28|quote=|via=}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Bernadette|title=The Sorcery Trial of Alice Kyteler|journal=History Ireland|date=1994|volume=2|issue=4|pages=20–24|jstor=27724208}} 9. ^{{cite book |editor-last=Reichl |editor-first=Karl |title=Medieval Oral Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhoMdAIfp-EC&pg=PA559|year=2012|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-024112-9|page=559}} 10. ^{{cite web |first=Bob |last=Chaundy |title=The Burning Times |date=30 October 2009 |work=Magazine |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8334055.stm}} 11. ^{{Cite book|title=The Sorcery Trial of Alice Kyteler: A Contemporary Account (1324)|last=Ledrede|first=Richard|publisher=Pegasus PRess|year=2004|isbn=|location=Asheville, North Carolina|pages=27–30|quote=|via=}} 12. ^{{Cite book|title=The Sorcery Trial of Alice Kyteler: A Contemporary Account (1324)|last=Ledrede|first=Richard|publisher=Pegasus PRess|year=2004|isbn=|location=Asheville, North Carolina|pages=63|quote=|via=}} 13. ^{{Cite book|title=The Sorcery Trial of Alice Kyteler: A Contemporary Account (1324)|last=Ledrede|first=Richard|publisher=Pegasus PRess|year=2004|isbn=|location=Asheville, North Carolina|pages=63|quote=|via=}} 14. ^{{Cite book|title=The Sorcery Trial of Alice Kyteler: A Contemporary Account (1324)|last=Ledrede|first=Richard|publisher=Pegasus PRess|year=2004|isbn=|location=Asheville, North Carolina|pages=63|quote=|via=}} 15. ^{{Cite book|title=The Sorcery Trial of Alice Kyteler: A Contemporary Account (1324)|last=Ledrede|first=Richard|publisher=Pegasus Press|year=2004|isbn=|location=Asheville, North Carolina|pages=19–21|quote=|via=}} 16. ^Lee Morgan. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fVg-AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT59 A Deed Without a Name: Unearthing the Legacy of Traditional Witchcraft]. John Hunt Publishing; 25 January 2013. {{ISBN|978-1-78099-550-2}}. p. 59–. 17. ^{{cite web|last1=Yeats|first1=William Butler|title=Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen|url=http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/nineteen-hundred-and-nineteen|website=Poem Hunter|accessdate=28 January 2015}} 18. ^{{cite web|title=Kyteler Extract The Burning Time|url=http://www.feminist.com/resources/artspeech/genwom/burningtime.html|website=feminist.com}} 19. ^{{cite book|title=The name of the rose|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ChlOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false|last=Eco|first=U.|isbn=9780544176560|year=2014}} Further reading
External links
10 : 1280 births|14th-century deaths|Year of death missing|Place of death missing|14th-century Irish people|14th-century Irish women|Heresy in medieval Christianity|Irish female serial killers|People convicted of witchcraft|People from County Kilkenny |
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