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词条 Schizomyia viticola
释义

  1. Taxonomic history and names

  2. Distribution

  3. Description

     Gall  Larvae  Adult 

  4. Relationship with plants

  5. References

  6. Further reading

{{speciesbox
| image=Schizomyia_viticola_galls.jpg
| image_caption=S. viticola galls.
| taxon = Schizomyia viticola
| authority = (Osten Sacken, 1862)[1]
| synonyms = {{species list
|Cecidomyia viticola|Osten Sacken, 1862[2]
|Cecidomyia vitis lituus|Walsh & Riley, 1870[3]
|Cecidomyia vitislituus|Osten Sacken, 1878[4]
|Cecidomyia lituus|Felt, 1911[5]}}
|synonyms_ref=[1]
}}Schizomyia viticola, the grape tube gallmaker, is a species of gall midge found in the eastern United States and Canada. It produces green or bright red galls on new world grape vines.

Taxonomic history and names

In 1862, Carl Robert Osten-Sacken described this species, placing it in the genus Cecidomyia. He based the description on galls on Vitis and larvae found in the vicinity of Washington, D.C.[2]

The magazine The American Entomologist had a column where readers could ask for identifications. In 1869 a reader from Piermont, New York, asked the editors about the crimson galls found on a grape leaf. The editors, Benjamin Dann Walsh and Charles Valentine Riley, responded that in unpublished manuscripts of theirs they had given the galls the name Vitis lituus and noted they were made by a gall gnat in the genus Cecidomyia.[3] This would create a specific name Cecidomyia vitis lituus, which is an unavailable name.[10][1] In 1911, Ephraim Porter Felt incorrectly referred to this species as "Cecidomyia lituus {{small|Walsh}}",[5][1] In 1878, Osten-Sacken noted that "the gall Vitis-lituus {{small|Riley}}" was the same as his C. viticola.[4]

The specific epithet viticola is a Latin noun in apposition; it consists of the word {{lang|la|vitis}} "grape vine" and the suffix {{lang|la|-cola}} "one who inhabits".[15][16][17] The Latin noun {{lang|la|lituus}} used in its synonyms refers to a kind of curved staff or curved trumpet.[18]

Distribution

It is found throughout the eastern Nearctic.[1] The type locality is the "environs of Washington [DC]".[2]{{rp|190}}[1]

S. viticola has been documented in the following American states:

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
  • Alabama[22]
  • Connecticut[23][24]
  • Indiana[25][26]
  • Iowa[27][28]
  • Missouri[29]
  • Nebraska[30]
  • New Jersey[31][32]
  • New York[3][35][36]
  • Ohio[37]
  • Pennsylvania[38]
  • Virginia[39][40]
{{div col end}}

This species has also been documented in Ontario, Canada.[41][42][43]

There had been reports of this species being found in Japan,[44] but these are now taken to be misidentifications.[45][1]

Description

Gall

There can be up to 75 galls[35] or even 135 galls[48] on a single leaf. The galls are typically on the upper side of the leaf; their color is typically crimson, although they can be green when young or on the leaf's underside.[29] They measure approximately {{convert|7|–|10|mm|1}} long.[42] The diameter of the gall at its base is {{convert|1.5|–|3|mm|2|abbr=on}}.[51][42] They are narrow and conical, and sometimes have a slight curve at the tip.[25] The galls each contain a single chamber,[42] which is smooth inside.[35] Common names for the gall include the grape-leaf trumpet-gall,[48] the conical grape gall,[35] and the grape tube gall.[23]

Larvae

The larva measures about {{convert|1|mm|2|abbr=on}} long. It is moderately stout, pale yellowish green. Its head is broad, broadly rounded anteriorly, almost subglobose. The antennae are moderately long, stout, and biarticulate; the basal segment is disk-like, while the apical one has a length over twice its diameter. There are conspicuous brownish spots near the latero-posterior angles of the head. Its skin is smooth with distinct segmentation. The breast-bone is weakly chitinized, minute, and reniform. The anterior margin has two small submedian teeth and more laterally there is a pair of smaller teeth. A small scattering of setae occur on the body. Its posterior extremity is bilobed: the ventral portion bears stout, submedian, chitinous, upcurved processes, and each has an indistinct basal tooth anteriorly. The extermities at its posterior extremity are prehensile. The dorsal lobe is broad and obliquely truncate as seen from the side. The face is armed with an irregular series of moderately large, conical, chitinous teeth.[1]

The larvae have also been described as pale orange.[29][2][48]

Adult

The adult is reportedly microscopic in size.[48]

Relationship with plants

Its larvae build galls on various species of the grape vine genus Vitis.[1] They have been found on leaves of V. riparia, V. labrusca, and V. vulpina.[29] Its galls have also been found on V. aestivalis {{noitalic|var.}} bicolor.[25] The galls are present in July and August, although have been documented as late as September 8.[24]

These galls are usually rare in vineyards, and therefore not harmful,[41] nor are they particularly harmful towards wild plants.[25][48]

References

1. ^{{Citation-attribution|{{harvtxt|Felt|1914}}.}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Britton|first1=W. E.|title=Connecticut State Entomologist Thirty-First Report 1931|date=1932|publisher=Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station|location=New Haven|page=500|chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34794436|chapter=Entomological Features of 1931|series=Bulletin|volume=338}}
3. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Britton|first1=W. E.|title=Connecticut State Entomologist Thirty-Sixth Report 1936|date=1937|publisher=Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station|location=New Haven|page=294|chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34795750|chapter=Insect Record for 1936: Fruit Insects|series=Bulletin|volume=396}}
4. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Burnham|first1=Stewart H.|last2=Latham|first2=Roy A.|title=The Flora of the Town of Southold, Long Island and Gardiner's Island, New York|journal=Torreya|date=1923|volume=23|issue=1|page=3|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32133463}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Mel T.|title=The Insect Galls of Indiana|journal=Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science|date=1908|volume=1907|pages=95–96|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14655691}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Felt|first1=E. P.|title=Hosts and Galls of American Gall Midges|journal=Journal of Economic Entomology|date=1911|volume=4|issue=5|page=458|doi=10.1093/jee/4.5.451|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9854736}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|last1=Felt|first1=E. P.|title=Conical Grape Gall|journal=Journal of Economic Entomology|date=1914|volume=7|issue=4|page=339|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9534530|ref=harv}}
8. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Felt|first1=Ephraim Porter|title=Thirty-Fourth Report of the State Entomologist 1918|date=1920|page=76|chapter=Additions to the Collections, October 16, 1917 – October 15, 1918|series=New York State Museum Bulletin|volume=231–232|chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35179791}}
9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite book|last1=Gagné|first1=Raymond J.|last2=Jaschhof|first2=Mathias|title=A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World|date=2014|publisher=USDA|location=Washington|isbn=978-0-615-92644-5|page=335|edition=3rd|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80420580/Gagne_2014_World_Cecidomyiidae_Catalog_3rd_Edition.pdf#page=335}}
10. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|last1=Jarvis|first1=Tennyson D.|title=Insect Galls of Ontario|journal=Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario|date=1905|orig-year=1906|volume=36|issue=19|page=67|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27900267}}
11. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Jarvis|first1=Tennyson D.|title=A Catalogue of the Gall Insects of Ontario|journal=Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario|date=1908|orig-year=1909|volume=39|page=82|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27900554|postscript=; [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27900575 Pl. O], Fig. 1.}}
12. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|contributor-last=Osten Sacken|contributor-first1=R.|title=Monographs of the Diptera of North America. Part I|series=Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|location=Washington|contribution=On the North American Cecidomydae|last=Loew|first=H.|date=1862|volume=6|issue=1|page=202|contribution-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/17046323}}
13. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Osten Sacken|first1=C. R.|title=Catalogue of the Described Diptera of North America|date=1878|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|location=Washington|page=7|edition=2nd|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1329588|hdl-access=free|hdl=10088/23132|series=Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections|volume=270}}
14. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Rahemi|first1=Alireza|last2=Dale|first2=Adam|last3=Fisher|first3=Helen|last4=Kelly|first4=John|last5=Taghavi|first5=Toktam|last6=Singleton|first6=Carol|last7=Bonnycastle|first7=Adam|title=Distribution of Pests on Vitis riparia in Sandy Soils of the South-Western Ontario|journal=Journal of Plant Studies|date=2014|volume=4|issue=1|pages=21–26|doi=10.5539/jps.v4n1p21|doi-access=free}}
15. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last1=Riley|first1=Charles V.|title=Annual Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and Other Insects of the State of Missouri|volume=5|date=1873|publisher=Regan & Carter|location=Jefferson City|pages=118–119|chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14961212|chapter=The Grape-leaf Trumpet-gall—Vitis viticola O.S.}}
16. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal|last1=Sanderson|first1=E. Dwight|title=The Grape-leaf Trumpet-Gall|journal=American Gardening|date=1899|volume=20|issue=241|page=543|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=msu.31293102644618;view=1up;seq=391}}
17. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Sato|first1=Shinsuke|last2=Yukawa|first2=Junichi|title=Resurrection of Rabdophaga salicivora Shinji (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Japanese gall midge formerly misidentified as a North American species, Rabdophaga rigidae (Osten Sacken), with observations on the phylogenetic relationships of its populations in Japan and the Russian Far East|journal=Entomological Science|date=2006|volume=9|issue=4|pages=423–424|doi=10.1111/j.1479-8298.2006.00188.x}}
18. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Sears|first1=Paul B.|title=The Insect Galls of Cedar Point and Vicinity|journal=The Ohio Naturalist|date=1914|volume=15|issue=2|pages=386–387|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosciecology/4|id={{BHLpage|50337408}}|postscript=; [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50337414 Pl. 21], Fig. 51.}}
19. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Shelford|first1=Victor E.|title=Animal Communities in Temperate America: As Illustrated in the Chicago Region: A Study in Animal Ecology|date=1937|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|page=191|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6790122|chapter=Animal Communities of Swamp and Flood-Plain Forests}}
20. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=John B.|title=Insects of New Jersey|date=1900|publisher=MacCrellish & Quigley|location=Trenton|page=621|contribution-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24636398|contribution=Order Diptera|contributor-last=Johnson|contributor-first=Chas. W.}}
21. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Millett Taylor|title=An Illustrated Catalogue of American Insect Galls|date=1915|location=Nassau, Rensselaer Co., NY|page=53|chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33339912|chapter=Supplemental List of American Gall-Making Insects|quote=[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9882863 Pl. 10], Fig. 232.}}
22. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|editor1-last=Walsh|editor1-first=Benj. D.|editor2-last=Riley|editor2-first=Chas. V.|title=The Trumpet Grape-gall|department=Answers to Correspondents|journal=The American Entomologist|date=1869|volume=2|issue=1|page=28|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32620437}}
23. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Wheeler|first1=Alfred G.|last2=Hoebeke|first2=E. Richard|last3=Smith|first3=Edward H.|title=Charles Valentine Riley: Taxonomic Contributions of an Eminent Agricultural Entomologist|journal=American Entomologist|date=2010|volume=56|issue=1|page=22|doi=10.1093/ae/56.1.14|doi-access=free}}
24. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Yukawa|first1=Junichi|last2=Sunose|first2=Tsukaka|title=Midge Galls of Hokkaido|journal=Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University|date=1979|volume=15|page=91|hdl-access=free|hdl=10232/3095}}
25. ^1 {{cite journal|author1=Plant Pest Control Division|title=Fruit Insects|journal=Cooperative Economic Insect Report|date=1962|volume=12|issue=24|page=623|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32000064}}
26. ^1 {{cite journal|author1=Plant Pest Control Division|title=Fruit Insects|journal=Cooperative Economic Insect Report|date=1962|volume=12|issue=29|page=795|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43485493}}
27. ^1 {{cite journal|author1=Plant Pest Control Division|title=Grape Insects|journal=Cooperative Economic Insect Report|date=1963|volume=13|issue=10|page=206|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32022089}}
28. ^1 {{cite journal|author1=Plant Pest Control Division|title=Fruit Insects|journal=Cooperative Economic Insect Report|date=1964|volume=14|issue=31|page=872|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31890119}}
29. ^1 {{cite journal|author1=Plant Pest Control Division|title=Fruit Insects|journal=Cooperative Economic Insect Report|date=1964|volume=14|issue=41|page=1128|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31890415}}
30. ^1 {{cite journal|author1=Bureau of Entomology|title=Fruit Insects|journal=Insect Pest Survey Bulletin|date=1929|volume=9|issue=8|page=329|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50353193}}
31. ^1 {{cite journal|author1=Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine|title=Fruit Insects|journal=Insect Pest Survey Bulletin|date=1939|volume=19|issue=8|page=496|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53109840}}
32. ^1 {{cite dictionary|dictionary=Oxford Latin Dictionary|date=1968|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|page=349|entry=-cola|quote=denotes one who inhabits, tills, or worships.}}
33. ^1 {{cite dictionary|dictionary=Oxford Latin Dictionary|date=1968|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|page=2079|entry=uītis|quote=A grape-vine.}}
34. ^1 {{cite dictionary|dictionary=Oxford Latin Dictionary|date=1968|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|page=2079|entry=uīticola|quote={{sm|vitis}} + {{sm|-cola}}.}}
35. ^1 {{cite dictionary|dictionary=Oxford Latin Dictionary|date=1968|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|page=1039|entry=lituus|quote=1. A curved staff carried by augurs. [...] 2. A kind of war-trumpet curved at one end.}}
[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]
}}

Further reading

{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Melville Thurston|title=Galls and Insects Producing Them. Appendix I|journal=The Ohio Naturalist|date=1904|volume=4|issue=6|page=141|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50317973|postscript=; [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50317977 Pl. 13], Fig. 118.}}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Felt|first1=Ephraim Porter|title=Key to American Insect Galls|journal=New York State Museum Bulletin|date=1917|volume=71.2|issue=200|page=168|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4885367}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Lutz|first1=Frank E.|title=Field Book of Insects|date=1921|publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons|location=New York|page=470|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34958033|chapter=Notes on some of the Gall Made of Plants by Insects and their Relatives|postscript=; [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34958034 Pl. 101], Fig. 2.}}
{{refend}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q13621745}}

5 : Cecidomyiinae|Taxa named by Carl Robert Osten-Sacken|Insects described in 1862|Grape pest insects|Diptera of North America
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