“Bhutanese ngultrum”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The ngultrum ({{lang-dz|དངུལ་ཀྲམ}} {{IPA-all|ŋýˈʈúm|}}, symbol: Nu., code: BTN) is the currency of the Kingdom of Bhutan. It is subdivided into 100 chhertum ({{lang-dz|ཕྱེད་ཏམ}} {{IPA-all|pt͡ɕʰɛ́ˈtám|}}, spelled as chetrums on coins until 1979). The Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan is the minting authority of the Ngultrum banknotes and coins. The Ngultrum is currently pegged to the Indian rupee at parity.

History

Until 1789, the coins of the Cooch Behar mint circulated in Bhutan. Following this, Bhutan began issuing its own coins known as chetrum, mostly silver ½ rupees. Hammered silver and copper coins were the only types issued until 1929, when modern style silver ½ rupee coins were introduced, followed by bronze 1 paisa in 1931 (dated 1928). Nickel ½ rupee coins were introduced in 1950. While the Cooch Behar mint coins circulated alongside Bhutan's own coins, decimalization was introduced in 1957, when Bhutan's first issue of coins denominated in naya paisa. The 1966 issues were 25 naya paisa, 50 naya paisa and 1 rupee coins, struck in cupro-nickel.^[3]

While the Bhutanese government developed its economy in the early 1960s, monetization in 1968 led to the establishment of the Bank of Bhutan. As monetary reforms took place in 1974, the Ngultrum was officially introduced as 100 Chhetrum equal to 1 Ngultrum. The Ngultrum retained the peg to the Indian rupee at par, which the Bhutanese coins had maintained.^[4]

The term derives from the Dzongkha ngul, "silver" and trum, a Hindi loanword meaning "money."^[5]

The Ministry of Finance issued the first banknotes in 1974 denominated Nu.1, Nu.5, Nu,10 and Nu.100. This followed by the establishment of the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan as the central bank of Bhutan in 1982, which took over the authority to issue banknotes in 1983, replacing the authority of the Ministry of Finance.^[6]

Coins

In 1974, aluminium Ch.5 and Ch.10, aluminium-bronze Ch.20 and cupro-nickel Ch.25 and Nu.1 were introduced. The Ch.5 was square and the Ch.10 was scallop-shaped. A new coinage was introduced in 1979, consisting of bronze Ch.5 and Ch.10, and cupro-nickel Ch.25 and Ch.50 and Nu.1 and Nu.3. Aluminium-bronze Ch.25 were also issued dated 1979. The Ch.5 and Ch.10 have largely ceased circulating. Currently coins are available in denominations of Ch.20, Ch.25, Ch.50 and Nu.1.

Banknotes

Previous series

On June 2, 1974,^[7] Nu.1, Nu.5 and Nu.10 notes were introduced by the Royal Government of Bhutan, followed by Nu.2, Nu.20, Nu.50, and Nu.100 in 1978.^[7] On August 4, 1982, the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan Act was enacted, although the RMA didn't began actual operations until November 1, 1983, and did not issue its own family of notes until 1986.^[7]

Present series

In 2006, the Monetary Authority introduced its latest series of notes, with denominations of Nu.1, Nu.5, Nu.10, Nu.20, Nu.50, Nu.100, Nu.500, and Nu.1000. These notes use a hybrid substrate.^[8]

Commemorative notes

Exchange rate

See also

References

1. ^ , accessed 2008-11-13
2. ^Bhutan issues new 50- and 1,000-ngultrum notes BanknoteNews.com. Retrieved 2011-10-15.
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.exchangerate.com/currency-information/bhutanese-rupee.html|title=Currency Information: Bhutanese Rupee|publisher=ExchangeRate.com|accessdate=29 September 2016}} This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License].
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rma.org.bt/historytp.jsp|title=Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan - History|author=|date=|website=rma.org.bt|accessdate=12 April 2018}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=n7rwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=trum+money&source=bl&ots=HrLoJbIR5c&sig=9b9_KmC758HuvjqaxWxlCq2uINE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjonMDk4OLaAhXRZFAKHfhSBsoQ6AEwAnoECAAQNw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=World Monetary Units: An Historical Dictionary, Country by Country|first=Howard M.|last=Berlin|date=24 October 2008|publisher=McFarland|via=Google Books}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://oag.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Royal-Monetary-Authority-of-Bhutan-Act-1982.pdf |title=Royal Monetary Authority Act of Bhutan 1982 |format=PDF |year=1982 |publisher=Government of Bhutan |accessdate=2010-10-08}}
7. ^¹²{{cite book | last1 = Linzmayer | first1 = Owen | title = The Banknote Book | chapter = Bhutan | publisher = BanknoteNews.com | year = 2011 | location = San Francisco, CA | url = http://banknotebook.com | accessdate = 2011-08-21}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.banknotenews.com/files/tag-bhutan.php|title=Bhutan - Banknote News|author=|date=|website=www.banknotenews.com|accessdate=12 April 2018}}