| 词条 | Alkalide |
| 释义 |
An alkalide is a chemical compound in which alkali metal atoms are anions (negative ions) with a charge or oxidation state of –1. Until the first discovery of alkalides in the 1970s,[1][2][3] alkali metals were only known to appear in salts only as cations (positive ions) with a charge or oxidation state of +1.[4] These types of compounds are of theoretical interest due to their unusual stoichiometry and low ionization potentials. Alkalide compounds are chemically related to the electrides, salts in which trapped electrons are effectively the anions.[5] "Normal" alkali metal compoundsAlkali metals form many well-known stable salts. Sodium chloride (common table salt), Na+Cl−, illustrates the usual role of an alkali metal such as sodium. In the empirical formula for this ionic compound, the positively charged sodium ion balanced by a negatively charged chloride ion. The traditional explanation for stable Na+ is that the loss of one electron from elemental sodium to produce a cation with charge of +1 produces a stable closed-shell electron configuration. Nomenclature and known casesThere are known alkalides for some of the alkali metals:
Alkalides of the other alkali metals have not yet been discovered:
ExamplesNormally, alkalides are thermally labile due to the high reactivity of the alkalide anion, which is theoretically able to break most covalent bonds including the C–O bonds in a typical cryptand. The introduction of a special cryptand ligand containing amines instead of ether linkages has allowed the isolation of kalides and natrides that are stable at room temperature.[5] Several alkalides have been synthesized:
References1. ^{{cite journal |journal= J. Am. Chem. Soc. |author1=J. L. Dye |author2=J. M. Ceraso |author3=Mei Lok Tak |author4=B. L. Barnett |author5=F. J. Tehan |title= Crystalline salt of the sodium anion (Na−) |year= 1974 |volume= 96 |issue= 2 |pages= 608–609 |doi= 10.1021/ja00809a060}} {{Sodium compounds}}{{Potassium compounds}}{{Rubidium compounds}}{{Caesium compounds}}2. ^{{cite journal |author1=F. J. Tehan |author2=B. L. Barnett |author3=J. L. Dye |title= Alkali anions. Preparation and crystal structure of a compound which contains the cryptated sodium cation and the sodium anion |journal= J. Am. Chem. Soc. |year= 1974 |volume= 96 |issue= 23 |pages= 7203–7208 |doi= 10.1021/ja00830a005}} 3. ^{{cite journal |journal= Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. |year= 1979 |author= J. L. Dye |title= Compounds of Alkali Metal Anions |volume= 18 |issue= 8 |pages= 587–598 |doi= 10.1002/anie.197905871}} 4. ^Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. {{ISBN|0-12-352651-5}}. 5. ^{{cite journal |author1=J. Kim |author2=A. S. Ichimura |author3=R. H. Huang |author4=M. Redko |author5=R. C. Phillips |author6=J. E. Jackson |author7=J. L. Dye |year= 1999 |title= Crystalline Salts of Na− and K− (Alkalides) that Are Stable at Room Temperature |journal= J. Am. Chem. Soc. |volume= 121 |issue= 45 |pages= 10666–10667 |doi= 10.1021/ja992667v}} 6. ^{{cite journal |author1=M. Y. Redko |author2=M. Vlassa |author3=J. E. Jackson |author4=A. W. Misiolek |author5=R. H. Huang RH |author6=J. L. Dye |year= 2002 |title= "Inverse sodium hydride": a crystalline salt that contains H+ and Na− |journal= J. Am. Chem. Soc. |volume= 124 |issue= 21 |pages= 5928–5929 |doi= 10.1021/ja025655}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite journal |author1=M. Y. Redko |author2=R. H. Huang |author3=J. E. Jackson |author4=J. F. Harrison |author5=J. L. Dye |year= 2003 |title= Barium azacryptand sodide, the first alkalide with an alkaline Earth cation, also contains a novel dimer, (Na2)2− |journal= J. Am. Chem. Soc. |volume= 125 |issue= 8 |pages= 2259–2263 |doi= 10.1021/ja027241m |pmid= 12590555}} 6 : Sodium compounds|Potassium compounds|Rubidium compounds|Caesium compounds|Anions|Alkali metals |
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