“Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Alkaline hydrolysis (also called biocremation, resomation,^[1]^[2] flameless cremation, or water cremation^[2]) is a process for the disposal of human and pet remains using lye and heat. The process is being marketed as an alternative to the traditional options of burial or cremation.

Process

The process is based on alkaline hydrolysis: the body is placed in a pressure vessel that is then filled with a mixture of water and lye, and heated to a temperature around {{convert|160|C|F}}, but at an elevated pressure, which prevents boiling. Instead, the body is effectively broken down into its chemical components, which takes approximately four to six hours. A lower temperature and pressure may be used, but at a longer duration ({{convert|208|F|C|order=flip}}, 14 to 16 hours).^[4] At the beginning of the process, the mixture is strongly basic, with a pH level of approximately 14; pH drops to 11 by the end, but the final pH level depends on the total operation time and the amount of fat in the body.^[5]

The end result is a quantity of green-brown tinted liquid (containing amino acids, peptides, sugars and salts) and soft, porous white bone remains (calcium phosphate) easily crushed in the hand (although a cremulator is more commonly used) to form a white-colored dust. The "ash" can then be returned to the next of kin of the deceased. The liquid is disposed of either through the sanitary sewer system, or through some other method, including use in a garden or green space.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} To dispose of {{convert|1000|lb}}, approximately {{convert|60|–|240|gal}} of water are used, resulting in {{convert|120|–|300|gal}} of effluent, which carries a dried weight of {{convert|20|lb}} (approximately 2% of original weight).^[5]

This alkaline hydrolysis process has been championed by a number of ecological campaigning groups,^[3] for using 90 kW-hr of electricity,^[4] one-quarter the energy of flame-based cremation and producing less carbon dioxide and pollutants.^[1]^[2] It also produces no mercury emissions.^[5] It is being presented as an alternative option at some British crematorium sites.^[6] {{As of|August 2007}}, about 1,000 people had chosen this method for the disposition of their remains in the United States.^[7] Excluding the capital investment cost of equipment, the operating cost of materials, maintenance, and labor associated with the disposal of {{convert|2000|lb}} of remains was estimated at $116.40.^[5]

Alkaline hydrolysis has also been adopted by the pet and animal industry. A handful of companies in North America offer the procedure as an alternative to pet cremation.^[8] Alkaline hydrolysis is also used in the agricultural industry to sterilize animal carcasses that may pose a health hazard, because the process inactivates viruses, bacteria, and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.^[9]^[10]^[11]

History

The process was originally developed as a method to process animal carcasses into plant food, patented by Amos Herbert Hobson in 1888.^[12]^[13]^[4] In 2007, a Scottish biochemist, Sandy Sullivan, started a company making the machines, and calling the process (and company) Resomation.^[14]

Religious views

In Christian countries and cultures, cremation has historically been discouraged, but now in many denominations it is accepted.^[15]

The Roman Catholic Church permits ordinary cremation of bodies as long as it is not done in denial of the beliefs in the sacredness of the human body or the resurrection of the dead.^[16]

When alkaline hydrolysis was proposed in New York state the New York State Catholic Conference condemned the practice, stating that hydrolysis does not show sufficient respect for the teaching of the intrinsic dignity of the human body.^[17]

Legal status

United States

Alkaline hydrolysis as a method of final disposition of human remains is currently legal in sixteen states,^[2]^[18]^[19] including Oregon, Minnesota, Maryland, Maine, Kansas, Illinois, Florida, Colorado, Georgia, Wyoming, Idaho, Nevada, California, and Utah. Additional rules are pending in New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.^[20] The process was legal in New Hampshire for several years but amid opposition by religious lobby groups it was banned in 2008^[21] and a proposal to legalize it was rejected in 2013.^[22]^[23]

Alkaline hydrolysis has been used for cadavers donated for research at the University of Florida since the mid 1990s and at the Mayo Clinic^[1] since 2005.^[24] UCLA uses the process to dispose of donor bodies.^[25]

Canada

A funeral home in Granby, Quebec, has become the first in the province to receive an alkaline hydrolysis machine.^[45]

United Kingdom

A public crematorium operated by Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council at Rowley Regis, central England, was the first to receive planning permission to offer the process but in March 2017 the local water utility, Severn Trent Water, refused the council's application for a "trade effluent permit" because there was no water industry standard regulating the disposal of liquified human remains into sewers.^[46]

See also

References

1. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/body-donation/biocremation-resomation|title=Biocremation (Resomation) - Body Donation - Mayo Clinic|work=mayoclinic.org |accessdate=4 September 2017}}
2. ^¹²{{cite news |url=https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/07/24/want-to-cut-your-carbon-footprint-get-liquefied-when-youre-dead/ |title=Want to Cut Your Carbon Footprint? Get Liquefied When You’re Dead |author=McClurg, Lesley |publisher=KQED |date=July 24, 2017 |accessdate=4 September 2017}}
3. ^The Groovy Green {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306210649/http://www.groovygreen.com/groove/?p=1706 |date=2012-03-06 }} website is one example of such sites.
4. ^¹{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JakNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA262#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Our Changing Journey to the End: Reshaping Death, Dying, and Grief in America |editor1=Staudt, Christina |editor2=Ellens, J. Harold |chapter=Reconfiguring Urban Spaces of Disposal, Sanctuary, and Remembrance |page=262 |author=Rothstein, Karla Maria |date=November 12, 2013 |isbn=9781440828461 |publisher=Praeger |location=Santa Barbara, California |accessdate=4 September 2017}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://matthewsenvironmentalsolutions.com/us/cremation/cremation-equipment-na/bio-cremation-na|title=Bio Cremation Equipment - Matthews Cremation|website=www.matthewscremation.com|access-date=2016-09-18}}
6. ^See the October 2007 Newsletter of Worthing Crematorium, operated by Worthing Borough Council in West Sussex, England.
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.physorg.com/news105641250.html|title=UK firm: Don't burn bodies, boil them |author= |date=2007-08-06 |work=Physorg News}}
8. ^{{cite news|title=New ‘petuary’ liquifies deceased pets, green alternative to cremation |url=http://www.dailynews.com/lifestyle/20140529/new-petuary-liquifies-deceased-pets-green-alternative-to-cremation |newspaper=Los Angeles Daily News}}
9. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book |url=http://ssl.tamu.edu/edss/handbook/04_Alkaline.pdf |title=Managing Contaminated Animal and Plant Materials: Field Guide on Best Practices |author= |date= |chapter=Alkaline hydrolysis |publisher=Texas A&M University |isbn= |accessdate=4 September 2017}}
10. ^{{cite journal |title=Efficacy of Alkaline Hydrolysis as an Alternative Method for Treatment and Disposal of Infectious Animal Waste |author1=Kaye, G |author2=Weber, P |author3=Evans, A |author4=Venezia, R |date=May 1998 |journal=Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=43-46 |pmid=12456159}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p051f7vn|title=BBC World Service - People Fixing The World, Greener In Death|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-11-08}}
12. ^¹{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/2017/03/bath-turns-dead-bodies-coffee-colored-water/ |title=The Fight to Legalize a Machine That Melts Flesh From Bone |author=Stockton, Nick |date=10 March 2017 |publisher=Wired |accessdate=4 September 2017}}
13. ^{{cite patent |country=US |number=394982 |status= |title=Process of separating gelatine from bones |pubdate=25 December 1888 |gdate= |fdate=5 April 1888 |pridate= |inventor=Amos Herbert Hobson |invent1= |invent2= |assign1= |assign2= |class= |url=}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/apr/04/lucy-siegle-innovator-sandy-sullivan-resomation|title=The innovator: Sandy Sullivan|last=Siegle|first=Lucy|date=2010-04-03|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-08}}
15. ^{{cite book|last1=Gassmann|first1=Günther |last2=Larson|first2=Duane H.|last3=Oldenburg|first3=Mark W. |title=Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Htz8M1Xlqi4C&pg=PA48 |accessdate=22 April 2014 |date=4 April 2001|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810866201|page=48 |quote=Cremation was unheard of from the time Charlemagne outlawed it (784) until the 17th century. At that point, the practice was urged primarily by those opposed to the church, and for a long time cremation was forbidden by Roman Catholicism and practiced only reluctantly by Protestants. Recently, these strictures have eased, and more and more churches have established columbaria or memorial gardens within their precincts for the reception of the ashes by the faithful.}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nyscatholic.org/2002/12/catholics-and-cremation-questions-and-answers-from-the-bishops-of-new-york-state/ |title=Catholics and Cremation: Questions and Answers from the Bishops of New York State |date=December 6, 2002 |publisher=New York State Catholic Conference}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/ny-catholic-conference-opposes-chemical-digestion-of-human-remains/ |title=NY Catholic conference opposes 'chemical digestion' of human remains |date=Mar 25, 2012}}
18. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14114555 |title=New body 'liquefaction' unit unveiled in Florida funeral home|author=Bowdler, Neil|date=2011-08-31|work=BBC News}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2018/01/29/utah-legislators-consider-plan-to-allow-water-cremation-as-an-alternative-to-burial-traditional-cremation/|title=Lawmakers pass bill to allow ‘water cremation’ as an alternative to burial, traditional cremation|author=Davidson, Lee|date=2018-02-16|work=The Salt Lake Tribune}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://biocremationinfo.com/legislative|title=State Legislation|author=Biocremation|publisher=biocremationinfo.com|date=2015-01-01|accessdate=2017-04-09}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/43257762/ns/business-going_green/t/states-consider-it-legal-dissolve-bodies/#.VcumXVLLeQQ|title=States consider: Is it legal to dissolve bodies?|work=msnbc.com}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://connectingdirectors.com/articles/39968-new-hampshire-senate-rejects-proposal-for-alkaline-hydrolysis|title=New Hampshire Senate Rejects Proposal For Alkaline Hydrolysis|work=Connecting Directors Funeral News|date=3 May 2013}}
23. ^¹{{citation|url=http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/bill_status/Bill_status.aspx?lsr=2743&sy=2008&sortoption=&ddlobody=s&txtsessionyear=2008|title=SB332 (2008): prohibiting the disposal of human remains through a reductive process utilizing alkaline hydrolysis in New Hampshire and establishing a committee to examine the practice of resomation.|year=2008|author=New Hampshire General Court}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=4828249&page=1|title=New in mortuary science: Dissolving bodies with lye|author=ABC News|work=ABC News}}
25. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://donatedbodyprogram.ucla.edu/body.cfm?id=45|title=Bio Cremation - UCLA Donated Body Program|work=ucla.edu}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB967 |title=AB-967 Human remains disposal: alkaline hydrolysis: licensure and regulation |author=Gloria, Todd |date=16 February 2017 |publisher=California Secretary of State |accessdate=5 September 2017}}
27. ^{{cite web |url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB1615 |title=AB-1615 Human remains |author=Miller, Jeff |date=8 February 2012 |publisher=California Secretary of State |accessdate=5 September 2017}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.leg.state.co.us/CLICS/CLICS2011A/csl.nsf/fsbillcont3/25841F66ABE7C0FF8725782900753A3F?Open&file=1178_enr.pdf |title=Concerning the regulation of persons who dispose of human remains in the ordinary course of lawful business |author1=Looper |author2=Fields |author3=Labuda |author4=Nikkel |author5=Schafer, S |author6=Stephens |author7=Todd |author8=Vigil |author9=Wilson |author10=Williams, S. |date=3 February 2011 |publisher=Colorado Legislature |accessdate=5 September 2017}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://laws.flrules.org/2010/125 |title=Chapter 2010-125: Florida Funeral, Cemetery, and Consumer Services Act |author= |date=2010 |publisher=Florida Department of State |accessdate=5 September 2017}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.legis.ga.gov/Legislation/en-US/display/20112012/HB/933 |title=HB 933: Preneed escrow accounts; release funds when a monument is placed into a bonded memorial storage program; provide |author1=Rogers, Carl |author2=Williams, Roger |author3=Brockway, Buzz |author4=Miller, Butch |date=7 February 2012 |publisher=Georgia General Assembly |accessdate=5 September 2017}}
31. ^{{cite web |url=https://legislature.idaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/sessioninfo/2013/interim/adminrules/2408011301G39.pdf |title=Bureau of Occupational Licenses - State Board of Morticians |author= |date=18 September 2013 |publisher=Legislative Services Office, Idaho State Legislature |accessdate=20 October 2017}}
32. ^{{cite web |url=https://legislature.idaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/sessioninfo/2014/standingcommittees/140204_schr_0130PM-Minutes.pdf |title=Minutes |date=4 February 2014 |publisher=Idaho Senate Commerce & Human Resources Committee |accessdate=20 October 2017}}
33. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/fulltext.asp?Name=097-0679&GA=97 |title=Real Estate License Act 2000 |author= |date=6 February 2012 |publisher=Illinois General Assembly |accessdate=20 October 2017}}
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kansas.gov/government/legislative/bills/2010/2310.pdf |title=Senate Substitute for House Bill No. 2310: An Act concerning the state board of mortuary arts, relating to crematory operations; licensure; fees, amending K.S.A. 65-1760, 65-1763, 65-1764, 65-1765, 65-1766 and 65-1768 and K.S.A. 2009 Supp. 65-1727 and 65-1762 and repealing the existing sections. |author= |date=2010 |publisher=Kansas State Legislature |accessdate=24 October 2017}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/environmental-health/plumb/burial/documents/cmr227-crematoria-rules.pdf |title=State of Maine: Rules for establishment and operation of crematoria |publisher=Department of Health and Human Services, Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Environmental Health |date=October 26, 2009 |accessdate=24 October 2017}}
36. ^{{cite web |url=http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmMain.aspx?ys=2010rs/billfile/HB0995.htm |title=House Bill 995 |author= |date=12 February 2010 |publisher=Maryland General Assembly |accessdate=24 October 2017}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/bill.php?b=Senate&f=SF1071&ssn=0&y=2003 |title=Human remains alkaline hydrolysis disposal method licensing and regulation |author= |date=13 May 2003 |publisher=Minnesota State Legislature |accessdate=20 October 2017}}
38. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/79th2017/Bill/5000/Overview |title=An Act relating to cremation; authorizing the use of alkaline hydrolysis for cremation; requiring notice be provided to certain entitites relating to a crematory which intends to use alkaline hydrolysis for cremation; revision provisions relating to the location of a crematory; and providing other matters properly relating thereto |author=Araujo, Nelson |date=13 February 2017 |publisher=Nevada Legislature |accessdate=5 September 2017}}
39. ^{{cite web |url=https://olis.leg.state.or.us/liz/2009R1/Measures/Overview/SB796 |title=Relating to death care; and declaring an emergency |author= |date=July 14, 2009 |publisher=Oregon State Legislature |accessdate=24 October 2017}}
40. ^{{cite web |url=https://le.utah.gov/~2018/bills/static/HB0121.html |title=Regulation of Alkaline Hydrolysis Process |author= |date=May 8, 2018 |publisher=Utah State Legislature |accessdate=6 July 2018}}
41. ^{{cite web |url=http://legislature.vermont.gov/bill/status/2014/H.656 |title=H.656 (Act 138): an act relating to professions and occupations regulated by the Office of Professional Regulation |author= |date=22 May 2014 |publisher=Vermont General Assembly |accessdate=20 October 2017}}
42. ^{{cite web |url=http://legisweb.state.wy.us/2014/Enroll/HB0025.pdf |title=An Act relating to embalmers, funeral directors, undertakers and crematories; etc. |author= |date=2014 |publisher=Legislature of the State of Wyoming |accessdate=24 October 2017}}
43. ^{{cite news|url = http://www.newstalk650.com/story/liquifying-bodies-new-cremation-technique-offered-saskatchewan/85386|title = Liquifying bodies new cremation technique offered in Saskatchewan|last = Christianson|first = Adriana|work = News Talk 650 CKOM|publisher = Rawlco Communications|date = November 28, 2012|accessdate = 2012-11-28}}
44. ^{{cite news|url = http://www.qeepr.com/blog/bio-cremation-a-greener-way-to-die/|title = Bio Cremation: A Greener Way To Die?|last = Cohen|first = Jeremy|date = November 17, 2015|accessdate = 2015-11-17}}
45. ^{{cite news|url = http://www.granbyexpress.com/Actualites/2015-04-01/article-4097496/La-bio-cremation-debarque-a-Granby/1|title = La bio-crémation débarque à Granby|last = Quenneville-Girard|first = Romy|work = Granby Express|date = April 1, 2015|accessdate = 2015-04-01}}
46. ^{{cite news|title=Fears over liquefied remains of the dead|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-42385567|accessdate=18 December 2017|work=BBC News|date=18 December 2017}}