| 词条 | Shrine of Khalid Walid |
| 释义 |
| name = Shrine of Khalid Walid | native_name = {{nq|مقبره خالد وليد}} | image = Shrine_of_Warrior_Khalid_Waleed_(Front_Image).jpg | image_size = | caption = The shrine may be the earliest Muslim funerary monument in South Asia.[1] | location = near Kabirwala, Punjab, Pakistan | designer = | type = Sufi shrine | material = | length = | width = | height = | begin = | complete = late 12th-early 13th century | open = | restore = | dismantled = | dedicated_to = | map_name = Punjab Pakistan#Pakistan | map_text = Situated at Khati Pur Thaheem | map_width = | relief = | coordinates = {{coord |30.4768|71.7232|display=inline,title}} | website = }} The Shrine of Khalid Walid ({{lang-ur|{{nq|مقبره خالد وليد}}}}) is a Sufi shrine located in the village of Nawan Shehr,[2] near the Pakistani city of Kabirwala. The shrine is dedicated to the 12th century warrior-saint Khaliq Walid, popularly known instead as Khalid Walid.[1] The shrine dates from the period of the medieval Delhi Sultanate,[2] and may be the earliest Muslim funerary monument in South Asia.[3] The shrine represents the first stage of evolution of funerary monuments in southern Punjab which would later culminate with the Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam in Multan.[6] HistoryThe tomb dates from between the last quarter of the 12th century,[4] and the early decades of the 13th century.[2] The shrine bears an inscription stating that the shrine was built by Ali bin Karamakh, who served as Governor of Multan during the reign of Muhammad of Ghor.[5] The tomb was rediscovered and identified as the shrine of Khalid Walid by Dr Ahmad Nabi Khan and Kamil Khan.[6] ArchitectureExteriorThe shrine assumes the form of a fortified rectangle measuring 70 by 90 feet, and is capped by a low and sloped dome,[7] with an exterior made of plain brick and inward sloping walls that may derive from Seljuk architecture from Central Asia.[8] The use of wooden bands horizontally across the shrine, and use of both glazed and cut brick also represents the influence of Central Asian Seljuk architecture.[8] The shrine reflects elements of military architecture, with semicircular bastions in each of the shrine's corners, as well as in the middle of 3 of the 4 walls. The western wall of the shrine features a small projection, indicating the location of the mihrab.[9] The roofline is decorated with crenellations - a feature commonly employed in fortified structures such as the Rohtas Fort. Similar influence of military architecture is found at the Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam in Multan.[10] InteriorThe shrine's interior is square shaped measuring 24 feet on each side,[11] with entrance on each side that open to vaulted galleries, and rectangular shaped chambers on the east and west side of the shrine.[17] The interior space is divided into a series of galleries The shrine's interior walls are decorated with cut-brick designs.[17] The shrine is notable for its exceptional mihrab made of cut and molded brick, decorated with Kufic calligraphy,[12] capped with a hood similar to a baldachin. Decorative cut-brick patterns on the ornate mihrab differ from patterns on the rest of the shrine.[13] References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Tirmizi|first1=Muhammad Ali|title=Sultanate Period Architecture: Proceedings of the Seminar on the Sultanate Period Architecture in Pakistan, Held in Lahore, November 1990|date=1991|publisher=Anjuman Mimaran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1RvqAAAAMAAJ&q=kabirwala+khalid&dq=kabirwala+khalid&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8-Ka0mKbWAhXE5yYKHW0aDzs4HhDoAQgxMAM|accessdate=15 September 2017}} {{Cultural heritage sites in Punjab, Pakistan |state=autocollapse}}2. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Parihar|first1=Subhash|title=History and Architectural Remains of Sirhind: The Greatest Mughal City on Delhi-Lahore Highway|date=2007|publisher=Aryan Books International|isbn=9788173053115|page=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJ_pAAAAMAAJ&q=kabirwala+khalid&dq=kabirwala+khalid&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6zPXBmKbWAhWIRyYKHWnsBvc4MhDoAQgpMAE|accessdate=15 September 2017}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Ahmad Nabi|title=Multan|date=1983|publisher=Islamic University|location=Islamabad}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Bloom|first1=Jonathan|last2=Blair|first2=Sheila|title=The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800|date=1995|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300064650|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mhIgewDtNkC&pg=PA151&dq=kabirwala+khalid&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjq_o2lmKbWAhVJYyYKHRUzADE4FBDoAQhIMAg#v=onepage&q=kabirwala%20khalid&f=false|accessdate=15 September 2017}} 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Hasan|first1=Shaikh Khurshid|title=The Islamic Architectural Heritage of Pakistan: Funerary Memorial Architecture|date=2001|publisher=Royal Book Company|isbn=9789694072623|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPLVAAAAMAAJ&q=kabirwala+khalid&dq=kabirwala+khalid&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOmse7mKbWAhWLPCYKHUAdCuI4KBDoAQgpMAE|accessdate=15 September 2017}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Mumtaz|first1=Kamil Khan|title=Temples of Koh-e-Jud & Thar: proceedings of the Seminar on Shahiya Temples of the Salt Range, held in Lahore, Pakistan, June 1989|date=1989|publisher=Anjuman Mimaran|page=23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oituAAAAMAAJ&q=kabirwala+khalid&dq=kabirwala+khalid&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjuhJXNmKbWAhWMJiYKHT6dAAs4PBDoAQg_MAc|accessdate=15 September 2017}} 7. ^{{cite book|title=Journal of Central Asia, Volume 15|date=1992|publisher=Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml5xAAAAMAAJ&q=kabirwala+khalid&dq=kabirwala+khalid&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcwbDem6bWAhUGSiYKHTx6AWw4MhDoAQg1MAQ|accessdate=15 September 2017}} 8. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Mughal|first1=Mohammad|authorlink1=Expansion of Architectural Traditions of Kunya-Urgench to Pakistan and Beyond|title=TURKEMINSTAN-UNESCO: APPRAISAL OF THE HISTORICAL CULTURAL VALUES AND DETERMINATION OF THE WAYS ON THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTIES: Abstracts of reports of the International Scientific Conference|date=2006|publisher=Abstracts of reports of the International Scientific Conference|url=http://www.rafiquemughal.com/MUGHAL_2006_Ashgabat-KU-&-Pakistan.pdf|accessdate=15 September 2017}} 9. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Petersen|first1=Andrew|title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134613656|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9A-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA227&lpg=PA227&dq=khalid+walid+-syria+-homs+-bin+tomb&source=bl&ots=dStyzLK0I9&sig=B0kcJ45VIxVyoV5PP5cXwC1bhG4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRn-PDpabWAhXl1IMKHZSXAtsQ6AEISDAI#v=onepage&q=khalid%20walid%20-syria%20-homs%20-bin%20tomb&f=false|accessdate=15 September 2017}} 10. ^{{cite book|last1=Hillenbrand|first1=Robert|title=Islamic Architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning|date=2004|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn= 9780231101332}} 11. ^{{cite book|title=Architecture in Pakistan|publisher=Archnet|url=https://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/4106/original/DPT0785.pdf?1384779067|accessdate=15 September 2017}} 12. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Bloom|first1=Jonathan|last2=Blair|first2=Sheila|title=Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=9780195309911|page=23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HoPrAAAAMAAJ&q=kabirwala+khalid&dq=kabirwala+khalid&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjuhJXNmKbWAhWMJiYKHT6dAAs4PBDoAQg4MAU|accessdate=15 September 2017}} 13. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=UNESCO|authorlink1=Urban Development and Architecture|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia|date=1992|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=9789231036545|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yTFnuWQKvkC&pg=PA561&dq=kabirwala+khalid&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGhY_0l6bWAhUj2oMKHU-AAwQ4ChDoAQg1MAQ#v=onepage&q=kabirwala%20khalid&f=false|accessdate=15 September 2017}} 6 : Mausoleums in Punjab, Pakistan|Tombs in Punjab, Pakistan|Islamic architecture|Ziyarat|Sufi shrines in Pakistan|Khanewal District |
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