| 词条 | Shuysky Tribute | ||||||||
| 释义 |
}} Shuysky tribute was the act of homage of the deposed Tsar Vasily IV of Russia and his retinue to the Polish King Sigismund III Vasa and teenage prince Władysław (the then-candidate to the Russian throne) on October 29, 1611, in the Senate Hall of the Royal Castle in Warsaw. Hetman of the Crown Stanisław Żółkiewski, who had captured Moscow the previous year, held a victory procession to the Royal Palace through the city of Warsaw, leading with him the prisoners: the Russian tsar Vasily IV Shuysky, his two brothers Ivan and Dmitry, the wife of the latter, Grand Duchess Ekaterina Grigoryevna (a daughter of Ivan the Terrible's associate Malyuta Skuratov and sister of a former tsarina, the spouse of Tsar Boris Godunov), military commander Mikhail Shein, and Patriarch Filaret who would ascend to power in Russia later on as the father and de facto ruler behind the back of his son Michael I of Russia, the founder of the Romanov Dynasty. BackgroundThe internal and external policies of Ivan the Terrible led to a lasting power crisis that also extinguished the direct line of the Rurikids early on. Sigismund III saw this as an opportunity to conclude a personal union with Moscow. He hoped that after uniting Polish and Russian forces he could successfully compete for the Swedish crown. The staunchly Catholic King of Poland was supported in his ambition by Pope Clement VIII, who hoped to increase his influence over the Russian Orthodox Church. After Sigismund III's negotiations with Moscow proved unsuccessful, the Poles invaded Russia in 1604 and took Moscow, introducing Sigismund III's protege, False Dmitry, to the throne. In 1606 in Moscow anti-Polish uprising broke out, headed by Vasily Shuysky. After the mob killed False Dmitry and massacred foreigners, Vasily Shuisky was elected tsar, and in 1608 signed a truce with the Polish king. However, fearing Poland and the lack of his subjects' support, he concluded a pact of alliance with Sweden. This event became the pretext for yet another Polish expedition to Russia. On June 24, 1610, the Russian forces suffered their major defeat in the Battle of Klushino, mainly due to the mismanagement of Dmitry Shuysky. On June 27, the group of Seven Boyars deposed Tsar Vasily and made him a monk against his will to ensure his political death. In September 1610, the Seven Boyars, who now constituted the provisional government, handed Vasily and other members of the Russian royalty over to the Polish forces. A year later, on October 29, 1611, Hetman Żółkiewski, in a solemn procession, marched his army into Warsaw bringing Vasily Shuysky and his brothers Dmitry and Ivan with him. In the presence of the nobility and the Senate they gave the oath of allegiance to King Sigismund III Vasa. Monuments and paintingsThe place of Shuysky Tribute today (2011) does not carry any special inscription neither in the Royal Castle of Warsaw nor in the city of Warsaw. Trophies and other material objects brought over with Shuysky were consistently removed and destroyed in the name of Russian raison d'etat{{when|date=February 2016}}. PaintingsTwo large paintings by Tommaso Dolabella, of Tsar Shuysky paying homage to Zygmunt III, and of the Polish capture of Smolensk, was robbed by the Russian army in 1707 when the Royal Castle in Warsaw he was Tsar Peter I. According to another version of the images (ceilings from the floor of the Senate) they gave King August II insistent requests in 1716. Tsar Peter I still believed to be missing. One of the missing paintings by Tommaso Dolabella to pay homage to Sigismund III by the Tsars Szujskich is known engraving of Tomasz Makowski and copies or other recognized tribute Szujskich the image coming from collections in the castle Pidhirtsi. Shuyskys tribute tsars became the subject of the picture John Cantius Szwedkowsky and two paintings of Jan Matejko - youth of 1853 and the sketch to the image, which the artist could not paint. Chapel of Moscow - the tomb of tsars ShuyskysDo not survived to our times Chapel Moscow - tomb - the mausoleum of the dead in captivity tsars Shuyskys. The text string from an array of the foundation of King Zygmunt III Waza existing in the years 1620 - approx. 1768 above the entrance to the Chapel Moscow:
Board on Zygmunt columnThe only indirect commemoration of the success King Zygmunt III is a western plaque text in Latin located on Zygmunt column.
Request a pretext Russia's rulers terms of Polish kingsIconography tribute Szujskich, descriptions of the event and the Chapel of Moscow were the pretexts of a number of demands made by the following representatives of the Romanov dynasty rulers of the Republic in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Tsar Vasily IV Shuysky, stayed in Polish captivity after his dethronement July 17, 1610, at the time the Czar of Moscow and all was Prince Ladislaus IV Vasa. Still, Chapel Moscow and other items documenting stay in the Republic tsar Wasyl IV Shuysky and his family were "salt in the eye," later rulers of the Romanov dynasty. In times of Tsar Michael I Romanov page Moscow started negotiations in order to recover the bodies of Tsar Vassily IV Shuysky and his family. After the peace in Polanów body Tsar, his brother, and Princess Yekaterina Russia were released in 1635. In 1647 the Tsar Alexei Romanov I received a request hand of Moscow, the Moscow to demolish the chapel, but the king Ladislaus IV refused, passing that it can return an array headstone. Subsequent requests related descriptions Polish triumph. Anyone who described the tribute to Tsar Shausky in the Parliament of the Republic could expect that Mr requested by the burning of Moscow and head writer works as redress insults tsarist majesty. In 1678 during the reign of King John III Sobieski he received a request Tsar Fedor Romanov for the issuance of two paintings by Tommaso Dolabella from the Royal Palace depicting a tribute to Tsar Vassily Shuysky with his brothers Dmitri and Ivan called Russian. Pugowka (pol. Button) before King Sigismund III Vasa, as abusive tsarist majesty. Requests it has and these images that are believed to still be missing, handed Tsar Peter I King August II the Strong. In the period between the years 1764-1768, with the recommendation Russian envoy Nikolai Repnin excavated and preserved destroyed an array of Chapel of Moscow foundation of King Zygmunt III Vasa. In the years 1892-1895, at the time of the Russian occupation, on the initiative of Alexander Apuchtina rebuilt Palace of Science and Technology in the Byzantine-Ruthenian style, designed by Russian architect Vladimir Pokrovsky and established in the building of the palace church of St. Tatiana Roman women in order to destroy the architecture Corazzi and that "... forever in the memory of Poles bury memories of previous Polish building, thought and effort of Science and Technology built ..." - the pretext was the alleged existence at this point of the Moscow Chapel with the tomb of Tsar Vassily Shuysky. In 1954 the communist era was dismantled rotunda of the eighteenth century. Street. Swietokrzyska 1 due to the recognition of her before 1939 for the remains of the Chapel of Moscow. Bibliography
3 : 1611 in Russia|1611 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland–Russia relations |
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