| 释义 |
- History
- Alphabet
- See also
- References
{{Sicilian language|state=expanded}}Sicilian orthography uses a variant of the Latin alphabet consisting of 23 or more letters to write the Sicilian language.[1][2][3] History Since the emergence of the modern Romance based Sicilian language in the early 1st millennium, several orthographic systems have existed. With the gradual increase in the power of Italian, the Sicilian language had become increasingly decentralised and informal in its orthography. Furthermore, its orthography has taken more elements from Italian orthography, even in places where it is not well suited. During the period of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily the Sicilian Latin of the time developed specific elements which reflected local innovations in speech and orthography. Frederick II and his Sicilian School used written Sicilian extensively which is some of the earliest literature and poetry to be produced in an Italo-Romance language. These forms created the basis of the orthographies which evolved substantially over the following thousand years. After the 15th century Sicilian lost its status as an administrative language. After the decline of administrative written Sicilian began to become limited to the genres of folklore, theatre and poetry.[4] Most examples of orthography we have from these times are in the personal style of various authors, such as Giovanni Meli, who created substantial works in Sicilian. His Poesi siciliani in five volumes was published in 1787, and an edition in six volumes was published in 1814[5]. Furthermore, Giuseppe Pitrè's stories, grammars and vocabulary still serve as very useful for sicilianists. Researchers at the Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani have developed an extensive descriptivist orthography which aims to represent every sound in the natural range of Sicilian accurately. This system has been published in several papers[6] and is also used extensively in the Vocabolario siciliano. In 2016 the non-profit Cadèmia Siciliana began to build on the work of the CSFLS and other researchers to develop a unified orthography which considers etymological, contemporary usage and usability factors. The orthography is continuously evolving with yearly releases.[3][7] Alphabet There exist several traditional as well as contemporary alphabet proposals. The Sicilian alphabet approximately consists of the following:[1][2][3] Base and extended alphabet| Letter | Name | IPA | Diacritics | Notes | | A, a | a {{IPA-scn>ˈa|}} | ä|a}} | name=vowels|Sicilian has three native diacritics. The grave accent is commonly used to express stress (à, è, ì, ò, ù), especially on oxytone and proparoxitone words, with the acute as a possible alternative on the two close vowels (í and ú). Furthermore the circumflex (â, ê, î, ô, û) is used to mark long vowels resulted from the reduction doubled vowels into a single character, or from a contraction (e.g. a lu → a ’u → ô). A diaeresis on the ë may indicate the local pronunciation {{IPAblink|ə}}.}} | | | B, b | bi {{IPA-scn>ˈbi|}} | b}} | | Always geminated after a vowel and usually spelled so within a word. | | C, c | ci {{IPA-scn>ˈtʃi|}} | k}}
(as -ch- before e and i, -chi- before other vowels) {{IPAblink|c}}
(as -c- before e and i, -ci- before other vowels) {{IPAslink|tʃ}}, (single after a vowel) {{IPAblink|ʃ}}
(as -ci-) {{IPAblink|ç}} | name=consonants|The CSFLS has created a detailed descriptivist alphabet for their Vocabolario siciliano which allows for all of the variation within Sicilian to be carefully represented and documented. It includes the following:[8]- -ə- for {{IPA|[ə]}}
- -ç(i)- for {{IPA|/ç/}}
- -(c)chj- for {{IPA|[c(ː)]}}
- -ḍḍ- for {{IPA|/ɖː/}}
- -(ḍ)ḍṛ- for {{IPA|[ɖ(ː)ɽ]}}
- -(g)ghj- for {{IPA|[ɟ(ː)]}}
- -ġ- for {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
- -h- for {{IPAblink|ħ}}
- -(h)hi- for {{IPAblink|x̟|x̟(ː)}}
- -ḥ- for {{IPAblink|x}}
- -ï- for vowel-preceding {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
- -ṅ- for {{IPAblink|ŋ}}
- -š- for {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
- -ṣṭṛ- for {{IPA|[ʂː(ɽ)]}}
- -(ṭ)ṭṛ- for {{IPA|[ʈ(ː)ɽ]}}
- -ż- for {{IPAblink|d̪͡z̪|dz}}
}} | /ç/|}} has also been variously transcribed as -hi-, -x(i)-, -xh(j)-, -χ- and erroneously -sci-. In older texts, {{IPA|/k/}} was spelled as -k(i)-, {{IPA|/tʃ/}} as -ch-. See also under Q and S. | | D, d | di {{IPA-scn>ˈdːi|}} | d̪|d}}, (single after vowel) {{IPAblink|ɾ}}
(before r) {{IPAblink|ɖ}} | name=consonants}} | See also under R. | Ḍḍ, ḍḍ
(common usage) Dd, dd
(traditional notation) Ðđ, đđ | ḍḍi {{IPA-scn>ˈɖːi|}} | ɖ|ɖː}} | | -dd- in most standards; however, since the latter may also represent gemination the dental variant {{IPA>/dː/}}, -ḍḍ- and -ddh- have been proposed by some to avoid confusion. | | E, e | e {{IPA-scn>ˈɛ|}} | ɛ}}, (dialectal) [{{IPA link|j}}{{IPA link|ɛ}}], [{{IPA link|j}}{{IPA link|æ}}] | dialectal) ë{{efn>name=vowels}} | | | F, f | effe {{IPA-scn>ˈɛffɛ|}} | f}} | | | | G, g | gi {{IPA-scn>ˈdʒi|}} | ɡ}}, (single after vowel, dialectal) {{IPAblink|ɣ}}
(as -gh- before e and i, -ghi- before other vowels) {{IPAblink|ɟ}}, (single after vowel, dialectal) {{IPAblink|j}}
(as -g- before e and i, -gi- before other vowels) {{IPAslink|dʒ}}
(as gn) {{IPAslink|ɲ}} | name=consonants}} | /dʒ/}} and usually spelled so within a word. | | H, h | acca {{IPA-scn>ˈakka|}} | | {{IPAslink>ç}}name=consonants}} | Currently chiefly a silent etymological or orthographical letter. See under C, Ḍḍ and G. | | I, i | i {{IPA-scn>ˈi|}} | i}}, (unstressed) {{IPAblink|ɪ}}
(unstressed before a vowel) {{IPAslink|j}} | name=vowels}}{{efn|name=consonants}} | {{IPA|/j/}} is usually represented by -i- after a consonant and -j- after a vowels or at the beginning of a word, but the two are generally interchangeable. See also under C and G. | | J, j | i longa {{IPA-scn>ˌi lˈlɔŋga|}} | j}}, (geminated or after nasal) {{IPAblink|ɟ}} | | | K, k | kappa {{IPA-scn>ˈkappa|}} | k}} (as -k- before e and i, -ki- before other vowels) | | See under C. | | L, l | elle {{IPA-scn>ˈɛllɛ|}} | l}} | | | | M, m | emme {{IPA-scn>ˈɛmmɛ|}} | m}} | | | | N, n | enne {{IPA-scn>ˈɛnnɛ|}} | n}} | name=consonants}} | Always assimilates to the point of articulation of the following consonant. See also under G. | | O, o | o {{IPA-scn>ˈɔ|}} | ɔ}}, (dialectal) [{{IPA link|w}}{{IPA link|ɔ}}], [{{IPA link|w}}{{IPA link|ɐ}}] | name=vowels}} | | | P, p | pi {{IPA-scn>ˈpi|}} | p}} | | | | Q, q | cu {{IPA-scn>ˈku|}} | k}} | | /w/}}. Spelled -cq- if geminated. | | R, r | erre {{IPA-scn>ˈɛrɛ|}} | ɾ}}, (after d and t) {{IPAblink|ɽ}}, (geminated) {{IPAslink|r}}, {{IPAblink|ɹ̝|ɹ̝ː}} or {{IPAblink|ʐ|ʐː}} | ṛ | At the beginning of a word it is always geminated, unless it erroneously transcribes the soft pronunciation of d. See also under S. | | S, s | esse {{IPA-scn>ˈɛssɛ|}} | s̪|s}}, (before a voiced or nasal consonant) {{IPAslink|z̪|z}}
(as -sc- before e and i, -sci- before other vowels) {{IPAslink|ʃ}}
(as -str-) [{{IPA link|ʂ|ʂː}}{{IPA|(ɽ)}}] | name=consonants}} | See also under C and X. | | T, t | ti {{IPA-scn>ˈti|}} | t̪|t}}
(before r) {{IPAblink|ʈ}} | name=consonants}} | See also under S. | | U, u | u {{IPA-scn>ˈu|}} | u}}, (unstressed) {{IPAblink|ʊ}}
(unstressed before a vowel) {{IPAslink|w}} | name=vowels}} | | | V, v | vi {{IPA-scn>ˈvi|}}, vu {{IPA-scn|ˈvu|}} | v}} | | | | W, w | doppia vi {{IPA-scn>ˈdɔpːja ˈvi|}}, doppia vu {{IPA-scn|ˈdɔpːja ˈvu|}} | w}} | | Only used in loanwords. | | X, x | ics {{IPA-scn>ˈiccɪs(ɪ)|}} | older texts) {{IPAslink>ʃ}}
(loanwords) [{{IPA link|c|cː}}{{IPA link|ɪ}}{{IPA link|s̪|s}}] | | Now mainly used in loanwords. See under C and S. | | X, χ | | ç}} | | See under C. | | Y, y | ipsilon {{IPA-scn>ˈippɪsɪlɔn|}} | i}} or {{IPAslink|j}} | | Only used in loanwords. | | Z, z | zeta {{IPA-scn>ˈtsɛːta|}} | t̪͡s̪|ts}} | name=consonants}} | Always geminated after a vowel and therefore usually spelled so within a word. | |
{{notelist}} See also - Vocabolario siciliano
- Sicilian vowel system
- Cadèmia Siciliana
References 1. ^1 {{cite book|last=Cipolla|first=Gaetano|authorlink=Gaetano Cipolla|title=The Sound of Sicilian: A Pronunciation Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ssY2nwEACAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Legas|isbn=978-1-881901-51-8|place=New York City}}
2. ^1 {{cite book|last=Camilleri|first=Salvatore|year=1998|title=Vocabolario Italiano Siciliano|publisher=Edizioni Greco|place=Catania|isbn=9788875122881|language=it,scn}}
3. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://cademiasiciliana.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Proposta-di-normalizzazione-ortografica-comune-della-lingua-siciliana-I-edizione-2017.pdf|title=Proposta di normalizzazione ortografica comune della lingua siciliana|author=Cadèmia Siciliana|first=|date=|year=2017|website=|language=it|format=PDF|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|edition=2017}}
4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=FtEFAAAAQAAJ&dq=Lionardo%20Vigo%20&hl=it&pg=PA99#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Opere|last=Vigo|first=Lionardo|date=1857|publisher=Tipografia Galatola|language=it}}
5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Poesie_siciliane_dell_abate_Giovanni_Mel.html?id=sxM3AAAAYAAJ|title=Poesie siciliane dell'abate Giovanni Meli|last=Meli|first=Giovanni|date=1814|publisher=Interollo|language=scn}}
6. ^{{cite book|url=http://www.csfls.it/paper/?id=179|title=Trascrivere. La rappresentazione del parlato nell'esperienza dell'Atlante Linguistico della Sicilia|last=Matranga|first=Vito|publisher=Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani|year=2007|place=Palermo|language=it}}
7. ^{{Cite book|title=Proposta di normalizzazione ortografica comune della lingua siciliana, ed. 2017|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=978-1720007456|location=|pages=}}
8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ge/books?id=SwNdAAAAMAAJ&dq=vocabolario+siciliano+volume+4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4iIbvp7DYAhUKzmMKHe3VBJ8Q6AEILDAA|title=Vocabolario siciliano|last=Piccitto|first=Giorgio|date=1997|publisher=Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani, Opera del Vocabolario siciliano|language=it}}
2 : Sicilian language|Latin-script orthographies |