| 词条 | Simraungadh | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Simraungadh |native_name = सिम्रौनगढ |other_name = |settlement_type = Municipality |image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Simroungarh Toran Dwar Statue.jpg | photo2a = Pillar at Simroungarh.jpg | photo2b = Statue of Brahma from Simroungarh at National Museum Kathmandu.jpg | photo3a = 12th century Stone Inscription from Simroungarh in Tirhuta script.jpg | size = 280 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 | foot_montage = From top down, left to right: Toran Dwar Statue, Pillar of the Rajabhavan, Brahma statue and Stone inscription in Tirhuta script.}} |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |nickname = | image_map = {{mapframe|plain=yes|frame=yes|type=point|frame-align=center|zoom=9|marker=marker|marker-color=0050d0}} |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Nepal#Nepal Province2 |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_mapsize = 300 |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nepal |coordinates = {{coord|26|53|22|N|85|7|1|E|type:city_region:NP|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Nepal |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_type2 = District |subdivision_name1 = Province No. 2 |subdivision_name2 = Bara District |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Bijaya Shankar Yadav (NC) |leader_title1 = Deputy Mayor |leader_name1 = Rima Devi (RJPN) |unit_pref = metric |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 20.2 |area_total_sq_mi = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |population_total = 49939 |population_as_of = 2011 |population_footnotes = |population_density_km2 = auto !-- General information --> |population_note = |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = |area_code = |website = www.simraungadhmun.gov.np |footnotes = |timezone = NST |utc_offset = +5:45 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |blank_name = |blank_info = }}Simraungadh, Simraongarh or Simroungarh ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|m|r|aʊ|n|g|ɜːr|}}, Devanagari: सिम्रौनगढ) was the fortified city[2] and an ancient capital of the Tirhut Kingdom founded by Karnat Kshatriya King[3] Nanyadeva[4] in 1097.[5][6][7] Presently it is a municipality of Nepal, located in Bara District, Province No. 2. The municipality was created in 2014 by agglomerating the Village Development Committees of Amritganj, Golaganj, Hariharpur & Uchidih; and later on expanded to include Bhagwanpur, Kachorwa, Dewapur-Teta, and Bishunpur [8][9][10][11][12] The city finds mention in the travel accounts of a Tibetan monk and pilgrim, Dharmasvamin (1236)[13][14] when he was on his way back to Nepal and Tibet, an Italian Missionary traveler, Cassiano Beligatti (1740)[15][16], Colonel James Kirkpatrick (1801) on his mission to Nepal[17]and later used in 1835 by British ethnologist Brian Houghton Hodgson.[18] The city is located along the border between India and Nepal. It lies 90 km south of Nepal's capital, Kathmandu, and 28 km east of Birgunj metro city.[19] NameThe name Simraon comes from the local language Simr which stands for Simal tree found in the area.[20][21]Simraongarh's relationship with the Simal forest has been also revealed by Gopal Raj Vamshavali, the oldest chronicles of Nepal.[22] The Tibetan monk and traveler, Dharmasavamin states Simrāongarh as Pa-ta.[23]The word Pata is an abbreviation of last affix of 'Pattana', which means a capital in Sanskrit language.[23] HistorySimraongarh was the capital of an independent Hindu kingdom of the Mithila or Tirhut from the 11th century to early 14th century.[24][25][26][27] The fortified city was built along the present-day border between India and Nepal. The rule of the Karnata dynasty marks an important milestone and a golden age in the history of Tirhut.[28]The rise of this empire saw the birth of efficient administration, social reforms, religious and the development of local folk music and literature.[29][30] Simraon DynastyThe Simraon, Karnat or Dev Dynasty originated with establishment of a kingdom in 1097 CE headquartered at present day Simraungadh in Bara District. The kingdom controlled the areas we today know as Tirhut in India and Nepal. The rulers of Simraongarh are as follows:
In 1324 CE, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq attacked Simroungarh and demolished the fort. The remains are still scattered all over the Simroungarh region. The king Harisingh Deva fled northwards into the then Nepal. The son of Harisingh Dev, Jagatsingh Dev married the widow princess of Bhaktapur Nayak Devi.[31] The Gandhavariya Rajputs of North Bihar claim to be the descendants of the Simraon Kings.[32] {{-}}References1. ^ 2. ^{{cite journal |last1=Lunden|first1=Staffan |year=1994 |title=A Nepalese Labyrinth |journal=Caerdroia |volume=26 |pages=13–21 |url=http://www.labyrinthos.net/C26%20Nepalese%20Labyrinth.pdf}} 3. ^{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=bu61AAAAIAAJ&q=Karnat+rulers+of+Simraon&dq=Karnat+rulers+of+Simraon |title=Civilizational Regions of Mithila & Mahakoshal |last=Jha |first=Makhan |date=1982 |publisher=Capital Publishing House |language=en}} 4. ^{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Os8BAAAAMAAJ&q=Nanyadeva&dq=Nanyadeva |title=Mithila Under the Karnatas, C. 1097-1325 A.D |last=Sinha |first=Chandreshwar Prasad Narayan |date=1979 |publisher=Janaki Prakashan |language=en}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.np/books?id=JO4toCiJ2ecC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B5&f=false |title=Mithilak Itihas |trans-title=मिथिलाक इतिहास|last=Chaudhary |first=Radhakrishna |publisher=Ram Vilas Sahu |isbn=9789380538280 |pages=70–112 |language=hi}} 6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Cimino Maria |first1= Rosa|date= August 1986|title=Simraongarh The forgotten city and its art |trans-title= |url= http://lib.icimod.org/record/9735/files/6966.pdf|access-date=3 February 2019|language= English |journal= Contribution to Neplaese Studies |volume= 13 |issue= 3 |pages=277–288 |doi= |archive-url= |archive-date= |dead-url= |via= |quote= }} 7. ^{{cite journal |last1=Garbini |first1= Riccardo|date= October-November 1993|title=A Fragmentary Inscription From Simraongarh, The Ancient Mithila Capital |trans-title= |url=http://www.doa.gov.np/downloadfile/ancient_nepal_135_full_1498121466.pdf|access-date=3 February 2019|language= English |journal= Ancient Nepal |volume= |issue= 135 |pages=1–9 |doi= |archive-url= |archive-date= |dead-url= |via= |quote= }} 8. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2014/12/02/nepal-government-declares-61-new-municipalities/ |title=Nepal government declares 61 new municipalities |last=Magazine |first=New Spolight |website=SpotlightNepal |language=en |access-date=2019-02-03}} 9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/16442/|title=PM formally announces 744 local units operational|work=My Republica|access-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813143952/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/16442/|archive-date=13 August 2018|dead-url=no|df=}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://103.69.124.141/|title=स्थानिय तह|trans-title=Local Unit|website=103.69.124.141|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831065451/http://103.69.124.141/|archive-date=31 August 2018|dead-url=no|access-date=1 September 2018|df=}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/2017/Population_Ward_Level_753_Local_Unit.pdf|title=Population Ward Level 753 Local Unit|date=2 June 2017|publisher=CBS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127085017/http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/2017/Population_Ward_Level_753_Local_Unit.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2018|dead-url=no|df=}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/VDC-Municipality%20in%20detail/VDC_Municipality.pdf|title="National Population and Housing Census 2011 (Village Development Committee/Municipality)|last=Nepal|first=Government of Nepal|date=November 2012|website=National Planning Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221071232/http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/VDC-Municipality%20in%20detail/VDC_Municipality.pdf|archive-date=21 December 2016|dead-url=no|df=}} 13. ^{{cite journal |last1=Roerich|first1=George Dr.|year=1959 |title=Biography Of Dharmasvamin (1959) |journal=K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute |pages=18 |url=https://ia801605.us.archive.org/32/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.505613/2015.505613.Biography-Of.pdf}} 14. ^{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhary P. C. Roy |date=1964 |title=Bihar District Gazetteers Darbhanga |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206891}} 15. ^{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=DkEbAAAAIAAJ&q=I+missionari+italiani+nel+Tibet+e+nel+Nepal:+I+cappuccini+marchigiani,+Volume+1&dq=I+missionari+italiani+nel+Tibet+e+nel+Nepal:+I+cappuccini+marchigiani,+Volume+1 |title=I missionari italiani nel Tibet e nel Nepal |last=Petech |first=Luciano |date=1952 |publisher=Libreria dello Stato|pages=809 |language=it}} 16. ^{{Cite book |title=An account of Tibet : the travels of Ippolito Desideri, 1712-1727 |first=Desideri |last= Ippolito |date=1995 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-8120610194 |location=New Delhi |pages=322–323 |oclc=33941427}} 17. ^{{Cite web |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72266 |title=The Treaties Amp Relating To Hyderabad Mysore And Coorg |last=Aitchison.c.u |date=1910 |access-date=2019-02-03}} 18. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal |last1=Hodgson |first1=B. H. |year=1835 |title=Account of a Visit to the Ruins of Simroun, once the capital of the Mithila province |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society |volume=4 |pages=121−124 |url=https://archive.org/details/JournalOfTheAsiaticSocietyOfBengalVolIv1835}} 19. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019/02/739868 |title=सिम्रौनगढ : सम्पदा संरक्षणमा चुनौती |trans-title= Simraungadh: Challenge in heritage conservation|website=Online Khabar |language=ne |access-date=2019-02-10}} 20. ^{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=iTKNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA158&dq=Simraongarh#v=onepage&q=Simraongarh&f=false |title=Statemaking and Territory in South Asia: Lessons from the Anglo–Gorkha War (1814–1816) |last=Michael |first=Bernardo A. |date=2014-10-01 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=9781783083220 |language=en}} 21. ^{{cite journal |last1=Darnal|first1=Prakash |year=2018 |title=A Review of Simraongarh's History on Its Nexus Areas with References of Archeological Evidences|journal=DSAJ|pages=18–26 |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/DSAJ/article/download/22176/18917}} 22. ^{{Cite web |url=http://ehimalayatimes.com/politics/29267 |title=सिमरौनगढको सांस्कृतिक सम्पदा |trans-title= The cultural heritage of Simraungadh |website=eHimalayatimes |language=ne |access-date=2019-02-10}} 23. ^1 {{Cite journal |last=Roerich Dr. George. |date=1959 |title=Biography Of Dharmasvamin (1959) |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505613}} 24. ^{{cite web | url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VsG1AAAAIAAJ&dq=editions:UCALB4304763 | title=The Journal of the Bihar Purävid Parishad, Volumes 4-5 | accessdate=26 January 2017 | pages=414| last1=Parishad | first1=Bihar Purāvid | year=1981 }} 25. ^{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/?id=VwYcAQAAMAAJ&q=Malladeva+rajputs+of+tirhut&dq=Malladeva+rajputs+of+tirhut | title=History of Muslim rule in Tirhut, 1206-1765, A.D. | accessdate=26 January 2017 | pages=28| last1=Choudhary | first1=Radhakrishna | year=1970 }} 26. ^{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/?id=WnhDAAAAYAAJ&q=Malladeva+Rajput+mithila&dq=Malladeva+Rajput+mithila | title=The Journal of the Bihar Research Society, Volume 46 | accessdate=26 January 2017 | pages=22–25| last1=Society | first1=Bihar Research | year=1960 }} 27. ^{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/?id=c84zAAAAMAAJ&dq=Malladeva+Rajput+mithila&q=Nanyadeva | title=Publications, Volume 33 | accessdate=26 January 2017 | pages=193| year=1935 }} 28. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.esaharatimes.com/2016/02/blog-post_30.html |title=ऐतिहासिक सिम्रौनगढः एक चर्चा |trans-title=Historical Simraungadh: A discussion|access-date=2019-02-12}} 29. ^{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA205&lpg=PA205&dq=simraon+dynasty#v=onepage&q=simraon%2520dynasty&f=false |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |last=Jha |first=Makhan |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788175330344 |language=en}} 30. ^{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108178 |title=Mithila In The Age Of Vidyapati |last=Chaudhary |first=Radhakrishna |date=1976}} 31. ^{{Cite web | url=https://simroungarh.wix.com/home |title = Simroungarh | Nepal | Heritage & Archaeological Site}} 32. ^{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.534083/page/n339 | title=Comprehensive History Of Bihar Vol.1; Pt.2 | date=1974 | accessdate=8 January 2019 | author=Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha}} External links{{Commonscat|Simraungadh}}{{Bara District}}{{Narayani-geo-stub}} 1 : Populated places in Bara District |
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