| 词条 | Bichir |
| 释义 |
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Cretaceous|Recent}}[1] | image = nile bichir.png | image_caption = Polypterus bichir | parent_authority = Bleeker, 1859 | taxon = Polypteridae | authority = Bonaparte, 1835 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision =Erpetoichthys Polypterus See text for species. }}Bichirs {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɪ|ʃ|ɪər}} and the reedfish comprise Polypteridae, a family of archaic-looking ray-finned fishes and the only family in the order Polypteriformes.[1] All species occur in freshwater habitats in tropical Africa and the Nile River system, mainly swampy, shallow floodplains and estuaries. Bichirs are considered the sister group to all other extant ray-finned fishes.[2][3] AnatomyBichirs are elongated fish with a unique series of dorsal finlets which vary in number from seven to 18, instead of a single dorsal fin. Each of the dorsal finlets has bifid (double-edged) tips, and are the only fins with spines; the rest of the fins are composed of soft rays. The body is covered in thick, bonelike, and rhombic (ganoid) scales. Their jaw structure more closely resembles that of the tetrapods than that of the teleost fishes. Bichirs have a number of other primitive characteristics, including fleshy pectoral fins superficially similar to those of lobe-finned fishes.[4] They also have a pair of slit-like spiracles on the top of their heads that are used to breathe air,[5] two gular plates, and paired ventral lungs (the left lung shorter than the right).[6] Four pairs of gill arches are present.[7] Bichirs have a maximum body length ranging from {{convert|25|cm|in|abbr=on}} to over {{convert|100|cm|in|abbr=on}} depending on specific species and morphology.[9] DietBichirs are nocturnal and feed on small vertebrates, crustaceans, and insects.[4] Air breathingBichirs possess paired lungs which connect to the esophagus via a glottis. They are facultative air-breathers, requiring access to surface air to breathe in poorly oxygenated water.[11] Their lungs are highly vascularized to facilitate gas exchange. Deoxygenated arterial blood is brought to the lungs by paired pulmonary arteries, which branch from the fourth efferent branchial arteries (artery from the fourth gill arch), and oxygenated blood leaves the lungs in pulmonary veins. Unlike most lungfish and tetrapods, their lungs are smooth sacs instead of alveolated tissue. Bichirs are unique in that they breathe using recoil aspiration.[8] Bichirs appear to prefer breathing air via their spiracles when undisturbed or in extremely shallow waters where they are unable to incline their body enough to breathe air through their mouth.[5] Bichirs as aquarium specimensBichirs are popular subjects of public and large hobby aquaria. They are sometimes called dragon bichir or dragon fin in pet shops for a more appealing name due to their dragon-like appearance. Though predatory, they are otherwise peaceful, preferring to lie on the bottom, and make good tankmates with other species large enough to not be prey. Bichirs in captivity have life expectancies up to 10 years. SpeciesThe two genera have 12 extant species:[9] {{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of Polypteridae.[2][3]|{{clade|style=font-size:80%;line-height:100%;width:300px; |label1=Polypteridae |1={{clade |1=Erpetoichthys calabaricus |label2=Polypterus |2={{clade |1=P. retropinnis |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=P. congicus |2={{clade |1=P. ansorgii |2={{clade |1=P. endlicheri |2=P. bichir }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=P. mokelembembe |2={{clade |1=P. ornatipinnis |2=P. weeksii }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=P. teugelsi |2=P. palmas |2={{clade |1=P. senegalus |2={{Clade |1=P. delhezi |2=P. polli }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} Order Polypteriformes Suborder Polypterioidei
References1. ^Helfman GS, Collette BB, Facey DE, Bowen BW. 2009. The Diversity of Fishes. West Sussex, UK: Blackwell Publishing. 720 p. 2. ^1 {{Cite journal | last1 = Suzuki | first1 = D. | last2 = Brandley | first2 = M. C. | last3 = Tokita | first3 = M. | title = The mitochondrial phylogeny of an ancient lineage of ray-finned fishes (Polypteridae) with implications for the evolution of body elongation, pelvic fin loss, and craniofacial morphology in Osteichthyes | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-10-209 | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 10 | pages = 209 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20624284| pmc =3055249 }} 3. ^1 Dai Suzuki, Matthew C. Brandley, Masayoshi Tokita: CORRECTION: The mitochondrial phylogeny of an ancient lineage of ray-finned fishes (Polypteridae) with implications for the evolution of body elongation, pelvic fin loss, and craniofacial morphology in Osteichthyes. BMC Evolutionary Biology. Bd. 10, Art.-Nr. 209, 2010, {{DOI|10.1186/1471-2148-10-209}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite book |editor1=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N. |author= Wiley, Edward G.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= 75–76|isbn= 978-0-12-547665-2}} 5. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Graham|first=Jeffrey|date=2014|title=Spiracular air breathing in polypterid fishes and its implications for aerial respiration in stem tetrapods|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4022|journal=Nature Communications|volume=5|pages=3022|via=Nature|pmid=24451680|doi=10.1038/ncomms4022}} 6. ^Berra, Tim M. (2001). Freshwater Fish Distribution. San Diego: Academic Press. {{ISBN|0-12-093156-7}} 7. ^AccessScience | Encyclopedia Article | Polypteriformes 8. ^1 Graham, J.B. 1997. Air-breathing Fishes: Evolution, diversity, and adaptation. San Diego: Academic Press. 299 p. 9. ^1 {{FishBase family|family=Polypteridae|year=2011|month=June}} 10. ^{{cite journal | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00201.x | volume = 146 | issue = 2 | year = 2006 | pages = 227 | title = A new polypterid fish: Polypterus faraou sp. nov. (Cladistia, Polypteridae) from the Late Miocene, Toros-Menalla, Chad | author = Otero | author2 = Likius | author3 = Vignaud | author4 = Brunet | last-author-amp = yes}} External links
4 : Polypteridae|Fish of Africa|Living fossils|Extant Cretaceous first appearances |
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