请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Small-lift launch vehicle
释义

  1. Small-lift launch vehicles

  2. See also

  3. References

  4. Notes

  5. Further reading

  6. External links

A small-lift launch vehicle is a rocket orbital launch vehicle that is capable of lifting up to {{convert|2000|kg|abbr=on}} of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO). The next larger category consists of medium-lift launch vehicles.[1]

The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergei Korolev in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit.[2][3][4]

The USA responded by launching the Vanguard rocket,[5][6] that was intended to be the first launch vehicle the United States would use to place a satellite into orbit. Instead, the Sputnik crisis caused by the surprise launch of Sputnik 1 led the U.S., after the failure of Vanguard TV3, to quickly orbit the Explorer 1 satellite using a Juno I rocket launched on January 31, 1958. Vanguard I was the second successful U.S. orbital launch. Thus started the space race, that gave the drive to put men on the moon with the USA's Apollo program.[7][8]

Small-lift launch vehicles

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Mass to
LEO
(kg)		 Mass to
other orbits
(kg)		 Launches Status First flight Last flight
SS-520{{JPN}}IHI3}}2}}Operational2017
Vanguard{{USA}}Martin9}}[9]11.001}}11(+1)Retired19571959
Lambda 4S{{JPN}}Nissan Motors[10]26}}[11]5}}Retired19661977[11]
SLV{{IND}}ISRO40}}[12]4}}Retired19791983
Safir{{IRI}}Iranian Space Agency50}}[13]6}}+1[14][15]Operational2008
Vector-R{{USA}}Vector Space Systems60}}[16]0.002}}0(+2) Development2017
Black Arrow{{UK}}}}RAE73}}[17]4}}Retired1969[18]1971
ARION-1{{ESP}}PLD Space100}}[19]0}}Development
Simorgh{{IRI}}Iranian Space Agency100}}-350[20]1}}(+1)[21]Operational2016
Naro-1{{KOR}}
{{RUS}}		KARI/Khrunichev100}}[22]3}}Retired20092013
UnhaNorth Korea}}KCST100}}[23]3}}Operational2009
Volna{{RUS}}Makeyev100}}[24]1.005}}1(+5)[26]Retired1995[25]2005[26]
Kaituozhe-1{{CHN}}CALT100}}[26]2}}Retired20022003[27]
Diamant{{FRA}}SEREB107}}[28][29]12}}Retired19651975
Vector-H{{USA}}Vector Space Systems110}}[30]0}}Development
Electron {{NZ}} Rocket Lab150}}2}}Operational2017
Shavit{{ISR}}IAE160}}[31]10}}Operational1988
Scout{{USA}}US Air Force/NASA174}}[32]125}}Retired19611994
Mu-4S{{JPN}}Nissan Motors[10]180}}[33]4}}Retired19711972
Mu-3C{{JPN}}Nissan Motors[10]195}}[33]4}}Retired19741979
ARION-2{{ESP}}PLD Space150}}[19]0}}Development
Tronador II{{ARG}}CONAE250}}[34]0}}Development
Shtil'{{RUS}}Makeyev280}} - 420 [35]2}}[36]Retired19982006
Mu-3H{{JPN}}Nissan Motors[10]300}}[33]3}}Retired19771978
Mu-3S{{JPN}}Nissan Motors[10]300}}[33]4}}Retired19801984
Long March 1 (CZ-1){{CHN}}CALT300}}[37]2}}[49]Retired[38]1970[39]1971[39]
Delta 1913{{USA}}McDonnell Douglas328}}[40]1}}[54]Retired19731973
Delta 2310{{USA}}McDonnell Douglas336}}[41]3}}[54]Retired19741981
Delta 1410{{USA}}McDonnell Douglas340}}[42]1}}[54]Retired19751975
Intrepid 1{{USA}} Rocket Crafters Inc.376}}[43]0}}Development
VLS-1{{BRA}}AEB, INPE380}}[44]2}}[45]Retired19972003
Delta 1604{{USA}}McDonnell Douglas390}}[46]2}}[54]Retired19721973
Kuaizhou-1{{CHN}}CASC400}}[47]3}}[47]Operational2013[47]
Kuaizhou-11{{CHN}}CASC1500}}0}}Development
Falcon 1{{USA}}SpaceX420}}[48]5}}Retired[49]20062009
Pegasus{{USA}}Orbital443}}[50]43}}[51]Operational1990
Sputnik 8K71PS{{USSR}}RSC Energia500}}[52]2}}Retired19571957
Start-1{{RUS}}MITT532}}[53]350}} to SSO[54]5}}[55]Operational1993
Minotaur I{{USA}}Orbital580}}[56]11}}[57]Operational2000
Minotaur IV{{USA}}Orbital1735}}[58]4}}(+2)[59]Operational2010[59]
Minotaur-C{{USA}}Orbital1450}}[60]1050}}[60] to SSO10}}[61]Operational[62]1994
Long March 6{{CHN}}CALT500}} to SSO2}}Operational2015
Long March 11{{CHN}}CALT700}}[63]3}}Operational2015[64]
PaektusanNorth Korea}}KCST700}}[65]1}}Retired1998
Long March 1D(CZ-1D){{CHN}}CALT740}}[66]0.003}}0(+3)Retired1995[67]2002
Mu-3SII{{JPN}}Nissan Motors[10]770}}[33]8}}Retired19851995
Athena I{{USA}}Lockheed Martin795}}[68]515}} to GTO4}}[69]Retired19952001
Delta 3913{{USA}}McDonnell Douglas816}}[70]1}}[54]Retired19811981
J-I{{JPN}}IHI Corporation
Nissan Motors[10]		1000}}[71]0.001}}0(+1)Retired19961996
Delta 1910{{USA}}McDonnell Douglas1066}}[72]1}}[54]Retired19751975
N-I{{JPN}}
{{USA}}		Mitsubishi Heavy Industries1200}}[73]7}}Retired1975date=July 2012}}
Atlas-Centaur{{USA}}Lockheed1134}}[74]2222}} to GTO [75]148}}Retired19621983
Epsilon{{JPN}}IHI Aerospace[76]　　　　　1200}}[33]3}}Operational[33]2013
Delta 0900{{USA}}McDonnell Douglas1300}}[77]818}} to SSO[78]2}}[78]Retired19721972
Sputnik 8A91{{USSR}}RSC Energia1327}}2}}Retired19581958
Ariane 1Europe}}Aérospatiale1400}}1830}} to GTO[79]11}}[79] Retired 1979 1986
Kosmos-3M{{USSR}}
{{RUS}}		NPO Polyot1500}}[80]442}}[81]Retired19672010
Strela{{RUS}}Khrunichev1400}}[82]3}}[83]Operational[83]2003
H-I{{JPN}}
{{USA}}		Mitsubishi Heavy Industries1400}}[84]9}}Retired19861992
M-V{{JPN}}Nissan Motors[10] (-2000)
IHI AEROSPACE[76] (-2006)		1800}} - 1,850[33]7}}Retired19972006
Athena II{{USA}}Lockheed Martin1800}}[85]3}}[86]Retired[87]19981999
Delta 1900{{USA}}McDonnell Douglas1800}}[78]1}}[78]Retired19731973
Delta 2910{{USA}}McDonnell Douglas1887}}[78]6}}[78]Retired19751978
Rokot{{RUS}}Khrunichev1950}}[88]1200}} to SSO30}}[89][90]Operational1990
ASLV{{IND}}ISRO150}}4}}Retired19871994
VegaItaly}}Avio1450}} to SSO13}}Operational2012
SSLV{{IND}}Antrix Corporation500300 to SSO0Development

See also

  • Sounding rocket, suborbital launch vehicle
  • Medium-lift launch vehicle, capable of lifting between 2,000 and 20,000 kg to low Earth orbit
  • Heavy lift launch vehicle, capable of lifting between 20,000 and 50,000 kg to low Earth orbit
  • Super Heavy lift launch vehicles, capable of lifting more than 50,000 kg (110,000 lb) of payload into LEO
  • Comparison of orbital launch systems
  • Comparison of orbital rocket engines
  • Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
  • Rocket
  • Spacecraft propulsion

References

1. ^NASA Space Technology Roadmaps - Launch Propulsion Systems, p.11: "Small: 0-2t payloads, Medium: 2-20t payloads, Heavy: 20-50t payloads, Super Heavy: >50t payloads"
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1957-001B|title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details|website=Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/sputnik_lv.html|title=Sputnik launch vehicle 8K71PS (M1-1PS)|website=Russianspaceweb.com|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.russian.space/|title=ЦЭНКИ - Центр эксплуатации объектов наземной космической инфраструктуры|website=Russian.space|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nrl.navy.mil/accomplishments/rockets/vanguard-project/|title=Vanguard Project - U.S. Naval Research Laboratory|website=Nrl.navy.mil|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
6. ^[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740072500_1974072500.pdf "The Vanguard Satellite Launching Vehicle — An Engineering Summary". B. Klawans. April 1960, 212 pages.] Martin Company Engineering Report No 11022, PDF of an optical copy.
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/6XnAYXEkkkSMLfp7ic_o-Q.aspx |title=Memorandum for Vice President |last=Kennedy |first=John F. |authorlink=John F. Kennedy |date=April 20, 1961 |work=The White House |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum |location=Boston, MA |type=Memorandum |accessdate=August 1, 2013}}
8. ^{{cite book |last=Launius |first=Roger D. |title=Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollomon/cover.html |format=PDF |accessdate=August 1, 2013 |series=Monographs in Aerospace History Number 3 |date=July 1994 |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=31825096 |chapter=President John F. Kennedy Memo for Vice President, 20 April 1961 |chapterurl=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollomon/apollo1.pdf}} Key Apollo Source Documents.
9. ^astronautix.com, vanguard {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020506201411/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/vanguard.htm |date=2002-05-06 }}
10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|title=NISSAN HERITAGE COLLECTION online【その他】プリンス自動車工業小史|url=http://nissan-heritage-collection.com/NEWS/publicContents/index.php?procType=CATEGORY&catID=14|publisher=Nissan Motors|accessdate=8 March 2011}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/l/lambda.html|title=Lambda|website=Astronautix.com|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Launch Vehicles|url=http://dos.gov.in/launchvehicles.aspx|publisher=Department of Space, Government of India|accessdate=19 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201215831/http://dos.gov.in/launchvehicles.aspx|archivedate=1 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://jamejamonline.ir/online/671170836222780565/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%20%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%20%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%20%D9%88%20%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA%20%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%20%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%20%D8%B4%D8%AF|title=ماهواره ملي"نويد علم و صنعت"به‌فضا پرتاب شد|first=Jamejam, جام|last=جم|date=3 February 2012|website=Jamejam Online|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/2015/02/02/state-television-reports-iran-launches-satellite-called-fajr-into-space-amid/|title=State television reports Iran launches satellite called 'Fajr' into space amid rocket tests|work=Fox Business|accessdate=12 June 2015}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/safir.htm|title=Safir|accessdate=2014-12-23}}
16. ^  {{dead link|date=February 2019}}
17. ^Encyclopedia Astronautica, Black Arrow {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206111804/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/blaarrow.htm |date=6 December 2007 }}
18. ^Suborbital test in 1969, first orbital launch attempt in 1970
19. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Peláez|first1=Javier|title=PLD Space, la empresa española camino de lanzar satélites e incluso alcanzar la Luna|url=https://es.noticias.yahoo.com/blogs/astronomia-terricolas/pld-space--la-empresa-espa%C3%B1ola-camino-de-lanzar-sat%C3%A9lites-e-incluso-alcanzar-la-luna-133224289.html|website=Yahoo noticias|publisher=Yahoo|accessdate=19 April 2016}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://i004.radikal.ru/1508/a7/94ca7ddf9113.jpg|format=JG|title=Photographic image of Simorga SIV|website=I004.radikal.ru|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/simorgh.htm |title=Simorgh (Safir-2) |publisher=Gunter's Space Page |first=Gunter |last=Krebs |access-date=15 December 2017}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/stsat-2c.htm|title=STSAT 2C|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/kwangmyongsong-3.htm|title=Kwangmyongsong 3, 3-2 (KMS 3, 3-2)|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/irdt-1.htm|title=IRDT 1, 2, 2R|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
25. ^First orbital launch attempt in 2005
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512024348/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/kt1.htm|title=KT-1|date=12 May 2008|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/kaituozhe-1.htm|title=Kaituozhe-1 (KT-1)|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/aura.htm|title=Aura / Signe 3 (D 2B)|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/diamant.htm|title=Diamant|website=space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
30. ^  {{dead link|date=February 2019}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/shavit.html|title=Shavit Data Sheet|website=Spacelaunchreport.com|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/Scout.html|title=NASA - Scout Launch Vehicle Program|website=Nasa.gov|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
33. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web|title=Satellite Launch Vehicles|url=http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/rockets/vehicles/index.shtml|publisher=Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)|accessdate=4 March 2011}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/1768806-tronador-como-se-construye-el-lanzador-argentino|title=Tronador: cómo se construye el lanzador argentino|date=16 February 2015|website=Lanacion.com.ar|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/shtil_volna.htm|title=Vysota / Volna / Shtil|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
36. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/shtil_volna.htm|title=Vysota / Volna / Shtil|accessdate=2014-12-23}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/4/404page.html|title=Encyclopedia Astronautica Index: 1|website=Astronautix.com|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
38. ^{{cite web |url=http://astronautix.com/lvs/cz1.htm |title=CZ-1 |website=Astronautix.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516211620/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/cz1.htm |archivedate=16 May 2008 |df=dmy-all }}
39. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=CZ-1|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-1.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|accessdate=12 February 2014}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/explorer_rae-b.htm|title=Explorer: RAE B|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1976-077A|title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details|website=Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/geos-3.htm|title=GEOS 3|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
43. ^  {{dead link|date=February 2019}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/vls.htm|title=VLS|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
45. ^A third rocket exploded before launch
46. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1972/1972%20-%202616.html|title=Aviation History, Explorer 47 on Delta 1604, Sept. 38, 1972|website=Flightglobal.com|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
47. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Kuaizhou|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/kuaizhou-1.htm|website=Gunter's Space Pages|accessdate=31 December 2014}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/falcon-1.htm|title=Falcon-1|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
49. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.spacex.com/falcon1.php | title=Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon 1 | accessdate=2010-10-29 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430222417/http://www.spacex.com/falcon1.php | archivedate=30 April 2013 | df=dmy-all }}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2014/04/02/nasa-awards-launch-orbitals-pegasus-rocket/|title=NASA Awards Launch for Orbital’s Pegasus Rocket – Parabolic Arc|website=Parabolicarc.com|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
51. ^{{cite web|title=Pegasus|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/pegasus.htm|website=Gunter's Space Pages|accessdate=31 December 2014}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/sputnik-2.htm|title=Sputnik 2 (PS-2 #1)|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://fas.org/spp/guide/russia/launch/start1.htm|title=fas.org Start1|website=Fas.org|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/eros-b.htm|title=EROS B|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/start-1.htm|title=Start-1|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
56. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Minotaur_I_Fact.pdf |title=Minotaur I Space Launch Vehicle—Fact Sheet |year=2012 |publisher=Orbital Sciences Corporation |accessdate=2012-02-28 |quote=Spacecraft mass-to-orbit of up to 580 kg to LEO (28.5 deg, 185 km) }}
57. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.orbitalatk.com/flight-systems/space-launch-vehicles/minotaur/default.aspx |title=Minotaur |year=2018 |publisher=Orbital Sciences Corporation |accessdate=2018-02-07 |quote=To date, Minotaur I has conducted 11 missions with a 100% success rate, delivering 62 satellites into orbit.}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Minotaur_IV_Fact.pdf|title=Minotaur IV Fact sheet|format=PDF|year=2010|publisher=Orbital Sciences Corporation|accessdate=2009-03-04}}
59. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/minotaur-4.htm|title=Minotaur-3/-4/-5 (OSP-2 Peacekeeper SLV)|first=Gunter|last=Krebs|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|accessdate=2018-02-07}}
60. ^1 {{Cite web|url = http://www.orbital.com/LaunchSystems/Publications/Minotaurc_factsheet.pdf|title = Minotaur-C Factsheet|date = 2014|accessdate = |website = Orbital Science Corporation|publisher = |last = |first = }}
61. ^{{Cite web|url = http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/taurus.htm|title = Taurus / Minotaur-C|date = May 2014|accessdate = |website = Gunter's Space Page|publisher = |last = |first = }}
62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.orbital.com/spacelaunch/taurus/ |accessdate=22 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209053850/http://www.orbital.com/SpaceLaunch/Taurus/ |title=Taurus|archivedate=9 February 2014 }}
63. ^{{cite web|url=https://chinadailymail.com/2015/10/08/chinas-reveals-cz-11-anti-asat-rocket/|title=China reveals CZ-11 anti-ASAT rocket|date=8 October 2015|website=Chinadailymail.com|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
64. ^{{cite web|last=Barbosa |first=Rui |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/09/china-debuts-long-march-11-lofting-tianwang-1-trio/ |title=China debuts Long March 11 lofting Tianwang-1 trio |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |date= |accessdate=2015-09-26}}
65. ^Korea, Christoph Bluth, {{ISBN|9780745633572}}
66. ^astronautix.com, Long March 1D -(CZ-1D {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020525110013/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/cz1d.htm |date=2002-05-25 }}
67. ^Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted
68. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/athena-1.htm|title=Athena-1 (LLV-1 / LMLV-1)|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
69. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/athena1.htm |title=Athena-1 |website=Astronautix.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020070641/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/athena1.htm |archivedate=20 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
70. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/explorer_de.htm|title=Explorer: DE 1, 2|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
71. ^{{cite web|url=http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/rockets/j1/|title=JAXA - J-I Launch Vehicle|website=JAXA - Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
72. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/oso-8.htm|title=OSO 8|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
73. ^astronautix.com, N-I- Delta {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6GnQRIrKc?url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/delta.htm |date=22 May 2013 }}
74. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/aclv3cb.html|title=Atlas Centaur LV-3C Development|website=Spacelaunchreport.com|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
75. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/atlas_centaur.htm|title=Atlas Centaur|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
76. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.ihi.co.jp/ia/en/product/rocket.html | title=Projects&Products | publisher=IHI Aerospace | accessdate=2011-03-08 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406035626/http://www.ihi.co.jp/ia/en/product/rocket.html | archivedate=6 April 2011 | df=dmy-all }}
77. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela0900.htm |title=Delta 0900 |first=Mark |last=Wade |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60dqt327u?url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela0900.htm |archivedate=2 August 2011 |work=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=2 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}
78. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite web |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/delta.htm |title=Delta |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60dqY3Xtj?url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/delta.htm |archivedate=2 August 2011 |first=Krebs |last=Gunter |publisher=Gunter's Space Page |accessdate=2 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}
79. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ariane.htm|title=Ariane-1, -2, -3, -4|first=Krebs|last=Gunter|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|accessdate=2 August 2011}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/cosmos3.html|title=Cosmos-1, 3, 3M and 3MU - SL-8 - C-1|website=Russianspaceweb.com|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
81. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/kosmos-3m.htm|title=Kosmos-3M (11K65M)|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
82. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/strela.html|title=Strela launcher|website=Russianspaceweb.com|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
83. ^1 {{cite web|title=Strela|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/strela.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|accessdate=23 Dec 2014}}
84. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/jers.htm|title=JERS (Fuyo)|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
85. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Athena_MPG_01-23-12.pdf|title=NASA, Athena Mission Planner’s Guide 26 August 2012|website=Nasa.gov|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
86. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/athena2.htm |title=Athena-2 |website=Astronautix.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108140050/http://astronautix.com/lvs/athena2.htm |archivedate=8 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
87. ^{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/athena-2.htm|title=Athena-2 (LLV-2 / LMLV-2)|website=Space.skyrocket.de|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
88. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/09/russias-rokot-launches-three-rodnik/|title=Russia’s Rokot launches with three Rodnik satellites |website=NASASpaceFlight.com|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
89. ^{{cite web|title=Rokot (Rockot)|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/rokot.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|accessdate=23 Dec 2014}}
90. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=43|title=Rockot Launch Vehicle|website=Khrunichev.ru|accessdate=2013-11-04}}

Notes

{{reflist|group=note}}

Further reading

  • Mallove, Eugene F. and Matloff, Gregory L. The Starflight Handbook: A Pioneer's Guide to Interstellar Travel, Wiley. {{ISBN|0-471-61912-4}}.
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}

External links

  • Small Satellite Launchers at NewSpace Index

1 : Space launch vehicles
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/11 6:22:22