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词条 SMS Vulcano
释义

  1. Blockade of Venice

      Balloon bombardment  

  2. Subsequent Service

  3. References

{{About|the 1843 Austrian navy paddle steamer|the 1908 German navy U-boat salvage tug|SMS Vulkan}}
infobox caption=display title=
}}{{Infobox ship image		Ship image=Sms_vulcan_in_pola.pngShip caption=SMS Vulcano
}}{{Infobox ship career		Hide header=Ship country=Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary|naval}}Ship name=Vulcano (renamed Vulkan / Vulcan)Ship launched=1843[1]Ship fate=In service until 1872, stricken in 1884 to become a coal hulk[1]
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption=Ship class=483|MT|sp=us}}[3]120|ihp|lk=in|abbr=on}}[1]Ship armament=
  • 2 × 48 pounder guns[1]
  • 4 × 12 pounder guns[1]
  • paper hot air balloons with 24-30 pound bombs (1849 use)[7]
Ship notes=
}}
SMS Vulcano (subsequently renamed to German Vulkan, also Vulcan) was a paddle steamer[2] built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy in Venice and launched in 1843.[3] Subsequently given the German name Vulkan,[4] or Vulcan.[2] Remained in service until 1872, and finally stricken in 1884 to become a coal hulk.[2]

In 1849 the Vulcano, serving as a balloon carrier (the precursor to the aircraft carrier),[13] launched hot air balloon bombs at Venice, the first offensive use of air power in naval aviation.[7][15][16]

Blockade of Venice

In 1848 Venice rebelled, declaring independence from the Austrian Empire. Vulcano and other Austrian vessels managed to escape capture, however most of their men deserted to the Venetian side, in many cases since non-Italian officers promised immediate discharges to their Italian sailors.[17] In March 1848 Vulcano evacuated the personnel of the Austrian embassy from Naples, but the crew mutinied mid-route and attempted to direct the ship to Venice, however the ambassador Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg managed to restore order and direct the ship to Trieste.[5]

[6]Vulcano was part of squadron commanded by Captain Ludwig Kudriaffsky that blockaded Venice in April 1848.[7] On 26 April 1848 the Vulcano (armed with two 48-pounders and four 12-pounders) intercepted a Greek brig attempting to break the blockade, but was engaged in a gun battle with the Venetian Pio Nono (armed with an 80-pounder Paixhan and a 24-pounder) who hit the Vulcano twice forcing her to withdraw.[1]

Balloon bombardment

In July 1849 Vulcano took part in the first aggressive use of balloons in warfare,[8][9] serving as a balloon carrier (the precursor to the aircraft carrier)[10] in the first offensive use of air power in naval aviation.[11][12][13] Austrian forces besieging Venice attempted to float some 200 paper hot air balloons, each carrying a 24- to 30-pound bomb that was to be dropped from the balloon with a time fuse over the besieged city. The balloons were launched mainly from land; however, some were also launched from Vulcano. The Austrians used smaller pilot balloons to determine the correct fuse settings. At least one bomb fell in the city; however, due to the wind changing after launch, most of the balloons missed their target, and some drifted back over Austrian lines and the launching ship Vulcano.[14][15][16] On 4 July, she had run aground at Malamocco and come under fire from Manfrin Fort. A crew member was killed. She was damaged at her paddlebox. Vulcan was refloated the next day with assistance from {{SMS|Custoza}} and the Austrian steamships Cartatone and Dorotea.[17]

Subsequent Service

On 17 November 1869, was one of seventy ships, all of which drew less than 13 feet of water, that sailed through the Suez Canal in a procession marking the opening of the canal.[18]

Remained in service until 1872, and finally struck in 1884 to become a coal hulk.[2]

References

1. ^1 2 3 [https://books.google.co.il/books?id=SBkqx0TlXhAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false VENICE THE CITY OF THE SEA], Edmund Flagg, pages 242-243, 254, 451
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 [https://books.google.co.il/books?id=Ri1jBGrFfwAC&pg=PA401&dq=vulkan+steamer+1849&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikoZu38pjcAhWQasAKHWCzC1wQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=vulkan%20steamer%201849&f=false The Influence of Air Power Upon History], Walter J. Boyne, page 409
3. ^1 [https://books.google.co.il/books?id=QVkIAAAAIAAJ&q=%22remained+in+service+until+1872%22+vulcano&dq=%22remained+in+service+until+1872%22+vulcano&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY_-zd_pjcAhUlDcAKHdbwC_AQ6AEILDAB To Ascend from a Floating Base: Shipboard Aeronautics and Aviation, 1783-1914], R. D. Layman, page 34
4. ^[https://books.google.co.il/books?id=LD4eAAAAMAAJ&dq=vulkan+steamer+austrian&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=vulkan In the Service of the Emperor: Italians in the Austrian Armed Forces, 1814-1918], Lawrence Sondhaus, page 87
5. ^[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/austrian-history-yearbook/article/prince-felix-zu-schwarzenberg-and-italy/0BE22A4CC252DB244077923005900A69 Sondhaus, Lawrence. "Prince Felix zu Schwarzenberg and Italy." Austrian History Yearbook 22 (1991): 57-75.]
6. ^[https://books.google.co.il/books?id=LD4eAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+Prince+Felix+zu+Schwarzenberg,+was+able+to+restore+order+aboard+the+steamship+and%22&dq=%22+Prince+Felix+zu+Schwarzenberg,+was+able+to+restore+order+aboard+the+steamship+and%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiG8_S7mpncAhUGK8AKHS78D-cQ6AEIJzAA In the Service of the Emperor: Italians in the Austrian Armed Forces, 1814-1918], Lawrence Sondhaus, page 85
7. ^1 [https://books.google.co.il/books?id=aYcUQ4XRqOoC&pg=PA262&dq=vulcano+steamer&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7z4Ob8pjcAhUhCMAKHVjDCRwQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=vulcano&f=false Naval Warfare, 1815-1914], Lawrence Sondhaus, page 46
8. ^[https://books.google.co.il/books?id=YSSPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT43&dq=balloon+bomb+venice+first&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj836Sd1ZTcAhUHDMAKHcCCCCwQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=balloon%20bomb%20venice%20first&f=false Air Power in the Age of Total War], John Buckley
9. ^[https://books.google.co.il/books?id=WytEDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA355&dq=balloon+bomb+venice+first&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj836Sd1ZTcAhUHDMAKHcCCCCwQ6AEISzAH#v=onepage&q=balloon%20bomb%20venice%20first&f=false The Future of Drone Use: Opportunities and Threats from Ethical and Legal Perspectives], Asser Press - Springer, chapter by Alan McKenna, page 355
10. ^1 [https://books.google.co.il/books?id=pDARBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT19&dq=vulcano+carrier&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhksP6iZncAhWrDsAKHVZ3AqYQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=vulcano%20carrier&f=false Naval Aviation in the Second World War], Philip Kaplan
11. ^1 2 [https://books.google.co.il/books?id=3ak7CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA66&dq=vulcano+carrier+1849&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZifuNipncAhVlDMAKHYBbDQYQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=vulcano%20carrier%201849&f=false Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity through the First World War], Richard P. Hallion, page 66
12. ^1 [https://books.google.co.il/books?id=srknAAAAMAAJ&q=vulcano+balloon+venice&dq=vulcano+balloon+venice&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj10vOloJncAhUqLcAKHQ5oCFA4ChDoAQg3MAM Naval Aviation in the First World War: Its Impact and Influence], R. D. Layman, page 56
13. ^1 [https://books.google.co.il/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HDoJDgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=vulcano+balloon+venice&ots=y-efFSGyHo&sig=Vql-Rx0mRxaCXUKnhBLyLRFo65E&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=vulcano&f=false Broken Wings: The Hungarian Air Force, 1918-45], Stephen L. Renner, page 2
14. ^[https://books.google.co.il/books?id=7pS1QpH8FRgC&pg=PA9&dq=1807+balloon+denmark+blockade&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjuns6QzJTcAhVMI1AKHfnMAA4Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918: An Illustrated History of Their Impact], Justin D. Murphy, page 9-10
15. ^[https://books.google.co.il/books?id=Z-us-l3qOVwC&pg=PA17&dq=balloon+moscow+siege+fire&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY2I-gzpTcAhWHMewKHQFmBq0Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=balloon%20moscow%20siege%20fire&f=false Military Ballooning During the Early Civil War], The Johns Hopkins University Press, F. Stansbury Haydon, page 18-20
16. ^[https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/18679/SAoF-0009-Lo_res.pdf Mikesh, Robert C. "Japan's World War II balloon bomb attacks on North America." (1973).]
17. ^{{Cite news |title=Vienna, July 10 |newspaper=Daily News |location=London |date=16 July 1849 |issue=979 }}
18. ^[https://books.google.co.il/books?id=xtFRtX2PSrwC&pg=PA568&lpg=PA568&dq=%22austrian+lloyd%22+vulcano&source=bl&ots=GwjVg342M-&sig=iLl9FL58lAexIz3X09poFO_dt8I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv3JyQ-pjcAhWpI8AKHb_bANEQ6AEIYzAM#v=onepage&q=vulcan&f=false Archives of Empire: Volume I. From The East India Company to the Suez Canal], edited by Barbara Harlow, Mia Carter, page 568

5 : 1843 ships|Ships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy|Maritime incidents in July 1849|Paddle steamers|Steamships of Austria-Hungary
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